Site report · 1000 m radius · generated 14 Sept 2026, 14:39

Commons Road

Eircode —Coordinates 53.24218, -6.12561Local authority Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council

What closes soonest 5 open windows

Observations close 16 Sept 20262 days left
D21A/0728/E — application received — Permission for the demolition of
5 weeks from receipt (12 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 718 m away
Appeal window closes 17 Sept 20263 days left
D26B/0370/WEB — GRANT PERMISSION — Construction of a single story extension to the rear, a hip to gable roof alte
4 weeks from the council's decision (20 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 829 m away
Appeal window closes 21 Sept 20267 days left
D26B/0386/WEB — GRANT PERMISSION — Installation of 2 Velux top hung roof lights at roof level to the front.
4 weeks from the council's decision (24 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 117 m away
Appeal window closes 23 Sept 20269 days left
D26A/0624/WEB — DECLARE APPLICATION INVALID — Demolition of the existing 2 storey residential dwelling and associated ancilla
4 weeks from the council's decision (26 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 523 m away
Observations close 28 Sept 202614 days left
D26A/0624/WEB — application received — Demolition of the existing 2 storey residential dwelling and associated ancilla
5 weeks from receipt (24 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 523 m away

Sources: acp, consult, moderngov, npad, rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open
moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50	open
npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39	open
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Where this is

Townland: Loughlinstown Commons
Settlement: Dublin city and suburbs
Electoral division: Killiney South
Local electoral area: Killiney-Shankill
Local authority: Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Parcel: Tailte Éireann 1883722 (freehold), 1,226 m²

Census 2022, small area 267097001

403

people

households

dwellings

83.7% owner-occupied, 15.2% privately rented, 5.4% social. Vacancy 1.1%.

Sources: places, parcels · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 21:28

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28	open
parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06	open

Zoning evaluated against the point

R2 — Existing residential county development plan 2022 2028 · 1 Apr 2022 – 1 Apr 2028

Objective A: A To provide residential development and improve residential amenity while protecting the existing residential amenities

What that means: An established residential area. The objective is to protect existing residential amenity as well as to provide housing — which is the objective a neighbour's objection to an overbearing extension is usually argued under.

Source: zoning · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Designations and constraints within 1000 m

An OPW flood extent intersects this area. The OPW's map is licensed CC-BY-NC-ND, so we show a flag only — see the extent at floodinfo.ie.

Designation	Count	Examples
Architectural Conservation Area	1	Killiney
Natural Heritage Area (incl. proposed)	2	Dalkey Coastal Zone And Killiney Hill; Loughlinstown Woods
NIAH-recorded building	29	Ardvarna; Mullinastill House; Cherrywood House
Radon risk area	9	About 1 in 10 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels; About 1 in 10 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels; About 1 in 10 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels
Record of Protected Structures	40	Stonehurst; The Red House; Seacroft
Recorded monument	24	Enclosure; House - 18th/19th century; Castle - unclassified

Sources: constraints, constraints.aca, constraints.flood_cfram, constraints.nha, constraints.niah, constraints.radon, constraints.rps, constraints.smr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:11

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.aca	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.flood_cfram	CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0 · not redistributable — shown as a flag only	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.nha	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.niah	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.rps	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open

Residential Zoned Land Tax

This site is on an RZLT map — the draft map 2027 and the final map 2026 (8.26 ha). The owner is liable for an annual 3% tax on market value while it stays there. Submissions on the draft map closed 1 Apr 2026.

Source: rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Planning applications 174 in 5 years within 1.0 km

Open for observation

Shangarry, Falls Road, Rathmichael, Co. Dublin observations close 16 Sept 2026 · 2 days left
Permission for the demolition of
D21A/0728/Ereceived 12 Aug 2026718 m away
Falmore, Falls Road, Dublin 18, D18K5P3 observations close 28 Sept 2026 · 14 days left
Demolition of the existing 2 storey residential dwelling and associated ancilla
D26A/0624/WEBreceived 24 Aug 2026decided 26 Aug 2026523 m away

Recent decisions and applications

Grant permission

Refuse permission

Declare application invalid

Refuse permission for retention

A site comprising No. 26, Rose Cottage, Cherrywood Road, Shankill, DUBLIN, D18P4A7 & adjoining undeveloped lands to the east Grant cert of exemption (<=4 unit)
2 No. Senior living dwellings (+ one dwelling (Rose Cottage) being retained).
V/054/26received 28 Jul 2026decided 6 Aug 2026581 m away
55, Cois Cualann, Ballybrack, Dublin, A96H5C7 Grant permission
Installation of 2 Velux top hung roof lights at roof level to the front.
D26B/0386/WEBreceived 3 Jul 2026decided 24 Aug 2026117 m away
55, Cois Cualann, Ballybrack,Glenageary, Co Dublin, A96H5C7 Declare application invalid
Installation of 2 Velux rooflights (each approx. 0.94m wide x 1.40m high) at ro
D26B/0383/WEBreceived 1 Jul 2026decided 1 Jul 2026117 m away
19 Seafield Court, Killiney, Co. Dublin, A96KF10 Grant permission
Construction of a single story extension to the rear, a hip to gable roof alte
D26B/0370/WEBreceived 26 Jun 2026decided 20 Aug 2026829 m away
Beechfield Haven, Maryland and Maryland House, Shankill, Dublin 18 Declare application invalid
To erect a new nameplate sign (600 x 600 mm) at the vehicular entrance at athgoe
D26A/0387/WEBreceived 26 May 2026decided 27 May 2026765 m away
National Mobility Hubs Pilot: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, 73 Locations Across the Council's Administrative Area, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown Registered Application
73 mobility hub sites across the Council's administrative area
PC/IC/01/26received 22 May 2026423 m away
24, Library Road, Shankill, Dublin 18, D18HW53 Grant permission
The development will consist of: (a) the construction of a single-storey extensi
D26B/0292/WEBreceived 20 May 2026decided 8 Jul 2026935 m away
Florence Villa, Commons Road, Co. Dublin 18, D18HH1F Refuse permission
The development consists of: Retention permission is sought for the constructio
D26B/0264/WEBreceived 29 Apr 2026decided 22 Jun 20260 m away

`description` is truncated at source (80 chars for DLR, 70 for Fingal) and `applicant` is null nationally — NPAD publishes neither in full.

Source: npad · fetched 13 Sept 2026, 20:39

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39	open

Appeals 38 in 5 years within 1.0 km

ACP 501724 on D26B/0264/WEB Open
received 20 Jul 20260 m away
ACP 321573 Other
received 20 Dec 2024decided 1 Jul 2026731 m away
ACP 501561 on D26A/0247/WEB Open
received 18 Jun 2026555 m away
ACP 321401 Granted
received 29 Nov 2024decided 12 Mar 2026731 m awayinspector's report
ACP 500104 on D25A/0606/WEB Granted with conditions
received 17 Oct 2025decided 3 Mar 2026730 m awayinspector's report
ACP 322666 Granted
received 30 May 2025decided 25 Nov 2025735 m awayinspector's report
ACP 322122 on D24A/1035/WEB Refused
received 21 Mar 2025decided 26 Jun 2025739 m away
ACP 321511 on D24A/0796/WEB Granted with conditions
received 19 Dec 2024decided 30 Apr 2025771 m awayinspector's report
ACP 318986 on D23A/0371 Refused
received 6 Feb 2024decided 3 Apr 2025504 m awayinspector's report
ACP 320785 on D24B/0288 Granted
received 10 Sept 2024decided 25 Mar 2025765 m awayinspector's report

Source: acp · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open

Commencement notices 41 in 3 years within 1.0 km

3 Seafield Court, Killiney, Dublin, A96 A6X5 — Opt out commencement notice
15 Sept 2026CN0147314DRD25B/0208/WEB940 m away
15 Domville Grove, Killiney, Dublin, A96 VF54 — Opt out commencement notice
7 Aug 2026CN0145748DRD26B/0205/WEB987 m away
Dublin Road, Shankill, Dublin 18, D18 K5N8, Dublin — Opt out commencement notice
20 Jul 2026CN0144960DRD25A/0887/WEB731 m away
39 Rathsallagh Park, Dublin 18, Dublin, D18 AC89 — Opt out commencement notice
7 Jul 2026CN0144520DRD26B/0161396 m away
69 Bayview Drive, Killiney, Dublin, A96 PT88 — Opt out commencement notice
20 Jun 2026CN0143644DRD25B/0345/WEB471 m away
Cherrywood Road, Dublin 18, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown — Commencement notice
2 Jun 2026CN0142837DRDZ23A/0443731 m away
22 Clifton Park, Shankill, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, D18 N280 — Short commencement notice
7 May 2026CN0141935DRD25A/0877/WEB453 m away
61 Stonebridge Court, shankill, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, D18 X0K6 — Opt out commencement notice
6 May 2026CN0141666DRD25B/0428/WEB979 m away
66 Ennel Court, Dublin, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A96 Y9Y7 — Short commencement notice
30 Mar 2026CN0140060DRD25B/0512/WEB895 m away
Unit A, 2nd Floor, Building 3, The Campus, Cherrywood Business Park, Dublin 18., Dublin, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, D18 TF72 — Seven day notice
18 Mar 2026SN0013885DR959 m away

One notice can cover many buildings — count notices, never building rows, or a single multi-unit scheme reads as a trend (T11).

Source: bcms · fetched 13 Sept 2026, 23:40

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
bcms	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 23:40	open

Sales 101 in 36 months within 1.0 km

€550,000

median price

€6,262/m²

median €/m²

101

sales

rooftop-geocoded

with listing detail

new builds

€200,000 – €2,400,000, 29 Nov 2023 to 8 Jul 2026.

Address	Sold	Price	Asking	Type	Beds	m²	€/m²	BER	Dist.
108 ABBERLEY, SHANGANAGH ROAD, KILLINEY	8 Jul 2026	€617,000	€595,000	Detached	4	97	6,361	D1	665 m
12 MARYLAND, SHANKILL, DUBLIN 18	5 Mar 2026	€425,000	€435,000	Bungalow	2	65	6,538	D1	803 m
35A BAYVIEW DRIVE, KILLINEY, CO DUBLIN	18 Feb 2026	€705,500	€595,000	Semi-D	2	92	7,668	A3	577 m
APT 15 MARYLAND HOUSE, SHANKILL, DUBLIN	17 Feb 2026	€350,000	€365,000	Apartment	2	75.3	4,648	D1	812 m
20 BEECHFIELD HAVEN, SHANKILL, DUBLIN	13 Feb 2026	€385,000	€385,000	Apartment	2	63	6,111	C3	859 m
27 COILL NA SILINI, BAILE UI LACHNAIN, DUN LAOGHAIRE	9 Jan 2026	€425,000	€395,000	Bungalow	2	59	7,203	E1	865 m
LAVARNA, MAIN RD, SHANKILL	6 Jan 2026	€725,000	€525,000	Detached	4	112	6,473	G	838 m
APT 12, SOUTHLANDS, RATHMICHAEL PARK SHANKILL	19 Dec 2025	€415,000	€365,000	Apartment	2	58	7,155	C2	747 m
APT 18 - GLENBRAE HOUSE, GLENBRAE COURT, SHANKILL	4 Dec 2025	€417,000	—	Apartment	2	76	5,487	C3	739 m
22 DALEVIEW PARK, BALLYBRACK, DUBLIN	2 Dec 2025	€407,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	993 m

PPR addresses are geocoded, not surveyed — a sale's position is as good as its address match (`rooftop_n` says how many are address-accurate). Beds, floor area, BER and asking price come from the matched daft.ie advertisement, not from the Register, and only where a match was found (`enriched_n`).

Sources: cara_listings, daft_gateway, ppr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 20:14

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14	open
daft_gateway	Third-party advertisement data read from daft.ie's own JSON gateway. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (the licensed PSP's name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers, profile images and all media URLs are dropped at fetch time and never written down. Vendor and buyer identities are not in this data.	13 Sept 2026, 22:10	open
ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	13 Sept 2026, 20:32	open

Consultations 2 matched by place

Cruise Passenger Realignment Project, Dun Laoghaire Harbour 37 days left
closes 21 Oct 2026Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Councillea-wide
Environment: Green Dog Walkers Pledge 108 days left
closes 31 Dec 2026Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Councilcounty-wide

Source: consult · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Council items 6 in 24 months

Parking - Shanganagh Castle Estate, Shankill
Dún Laoghaire CHEPP Area Committee Meeting7 Sept 20267Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Entrances - Kilboggot Park, Ballybrack
Dún Laoghaire CHEPP Area Committee Meeting7 Sept 202613Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Part 8: Proposed Development at Kilbogget Park - Sports & Community Facilities
Monthly County Council Meeting6 Jul 20268Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
To ask the Chief Executive on behalf of Cherrywood Residents group when the bollards at Cherrywood Park cul-de-sac will be replaced? (Commitment given at deputation meeting that they be done end of August 2025).
Clondalkin, Newcastle, Rathcoole, Saggart and Brittas Area Committee21 Jan 2026Qu (11)South Dublin County Council
To ask the Chief Executive for a report on behalf of Cherrywood Residents Group as to when the remaining lights will be replaced in Cherrywood estate? How many done and how many outstanding?
Clondalkin, Newcastle, Rathcoole, Saggart and Brittas Area Committee19 Nov 2025Qu (7)South Dublin County Council
Report No. 18/2025 of the A/Assistant Chief Executive (M. Igoe) - Grant of a 3 year licence for a cafe at Johnstown Park, Dublin 11 to the Tram Cafe Limited.
Monthly Council Meeting6 Jan 202515(a)Dublin City Council

Source: moderngov · fetched 13 Sept 2026, 21:50

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50	open

Capacity and public land

No publishable utility-capacity record within the radius. 60 records from Esb substation withheld: source licence forbids redistribution; see the operator's own register.

Public land (LDA register of relevant lands)

Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.11 hafolio DN208429F201 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.78 hafolio DN4707F237 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.81 hafolio DN4707F242 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.25 hafolio DN76751L291 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Health Service Executive — Dublin city and suburbs
6.83 ha310 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Health Service Executive — Dublin city and suburbs
2.74 hafolio DN146859L323 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
1.62 hafolio DN4606F426 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Health Service Executive — Dublin city and suburbs
3.92 hafolio DN146859L458 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023

Sources: esbn, lda_lands · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 16:42

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable — shown as a flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42	open
lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43	open

Schools and public transport within 1.0 km

Schools

St Columbanus National School
primary113 pupilsCatholic555 m
RATHMICHAEL N S
primary205 pupilsChurch Of Ireland686 m
GAELSCOIL PHADRAIG
primary118 pupilsCatholic693 m
SCOIL MHUIRE
primary249 pupilsCatholic710 m
BALLYOWEN MEADOWS
primary53 pupilsCatholic798 m
ST ANNES MXD N S
primary440 pupilsCatholic909 m

Stops 32 · routes 111, 133, 181, 2, 45A, 45B, 740, 740A, 740X, 7A, 7B, 7E, 7n, 84n, DART, E1, L14, X1, X2

Shanganagh Bridge
45A, 45B, 7B271 m
Shanganagh Bridge
45A, 45B, 7B, 7E, 7n271 m
Hospital
133, 181, 2, 84n, E1, L14, X1, X2341 m
River Close
45A, 45B, 7B, 7E, 7n341 m
Hospital
111, 133, 181, 2, E1, L14, X1, X2352 m
Hazelwood
45A, 45B, 7B391 m
Aran Avenue
45A, 45B, 7B397 m
Hazelwood
45A, 45B, 7B, 7E, 7n416 m

Sources: gtfs, schools · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:16

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16	open
schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41	open

Sources used in this report

Section	Source	Licence	Fetched
Location	places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28
Parcel	parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06
Zoning	zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Constraints	constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.aca	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.flood_cfram	CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0 · not redistributable, flag only	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.nha	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.niah	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.rps	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Rzlt	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23
Planning	npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39
Appeals	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Commencements	bcms	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 23:40
Sales	cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14
Sales	daft_gateway	Third-party advertisement data read from daft.ie's own JSON gateway. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (the licensed PSP's name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers, profile images and all media URLs are dropped at fetch time and never written down. Vendor and buyer identities are not in this data.	13 Sept 2026, 22:10
Sales	ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	13 Sept 2026, 20:32
Consultations	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Council items	moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50
Capacity	esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable, flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42
Public land	lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43
Projects	social_housing	CC-BY-SA-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 20:13
Amenities	gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16
Amenities	schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41
Deadlines	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Deadlines	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Deadlines	moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50
Deadlines	npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39
Deadlines	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Generated 14 Sept 2026, 14:39 from the Planning Register store. Nothing on this page was fetched live: every figure was already in the store with the fetch time shown. Deadlines are derived from published receipt and decision dates under the Planning and Development Act 2000; confirm with the planning authority before relying on them.

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