Planning report · Kildare County Council · 2000 m around the house · the last 12 months · 15 Oct 2026, 23:56

L6021

53.26716, -6.56311

Homes here mostly date from the 2000s. 5 planning files on this house, the latest from 2024. 2 applications nearby open for comments.

See on the map Watch this area

Distance

250 m 500 m 1 km 2 km

Time

12 months 2 years 5 years

5planning files on this houselatest 2024 53 daystypical wait for a decisionmiddle half 52–55 2open for comments nearbyclose 30 Oct–2 Nov

How planning works, with this area's numbers

steps can overlap · medians for home extensions within 1.5 km, 10 years

1ApplySite notice up, plans online
2Comments5 weeks, €20. Comment to keep your right to appeal
3Decision8 weeks by law. Here 53 days
4Appeal window4 weeks after the decision
5AppealAt An Coimisiún Pleanála
6PermissionLasts 5 years
7StartStart notice to the council
8Sign-offCompletion cert, or the owner opts out

Question 1

What's the planning story of this house?

Figure 1

When it was built, and the rules since

Most homes here were built 2001–10, under planning permission and building regulations. 5 planning files on this house, the latest from 2025.

Each line is a rule that applies to work done after it.

MeasuredEstimatecouncil register via NPAD · build years: CSO Census 2022, small area

2025
2461302 · work already done · refused 2025
approvedstartedsigned off?
2025
2461279 · work already done · refused 2025
approvedstartedsigned off?
2024
2461271 · new house · withdrawn
approved?startedsigned off?
2024
2461270 · work already done · withdrawn
approved?startedsigned off?
2023
23423 · work already done · refused 2023
approvedstartedsigned off?

On this site

Protected or listed · on the council's list

Vacant land tax · not on the map

1 in 20

Radon (EPA) · homes with high radon

Zoning, protection, tax and flood: the detail

No zoning in the plans we hold.

Radon1 in 20 homes have high radon (EPA)

Not on this site: protected building, heritage inventory, monument zone, conservation area, EU nature site, EU bird site, natural heritage area, tree order, landslide risk, derelict list.

Vacant land taxNo not on the map

Flood riskNearby OPW map area within 2.0 km · floodinfo.ie

Within 2.0 km	Count	For example
Heritage inventory buildings	1	house
Radon grid squares	4
Monuments	29	Ringfort - unclassified; Settlement deserted - medieval

How we work this out

'On this site' means the record's own map outline touches the registered parcel (or a 12 m circle round the point where there is no parcel). Only the council's own list confirms a protected building; ask the council if in doubt. The OPW flood map's licence lets us show a yes/no only.

Sources: Development plan zoning (councils), EPA radon map, Residential Zoned Land Tax maps, Constraint layers (bundle), OPW flood maps (CFRAM), National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, Sites and Monuments Record · fetched 12 Oct 2026, 00:14

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
Development plan zoning (councils)	CC BY 4.0	11 Oct 2026, 23:18	open
EPA radon map	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026, 19:36	open
Residential Zoned Land Tax maps	CC BY 4.0	12 Oct 2026, 00:14	open
Constraint layers (bundle)	CC BY 4.0, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0	27 Sept 2026, 19:37	open
OPW flood maps (CFRAM)	CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · shown as a yes/no only	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
National Inventory of Architectural Heritage	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026, 19:35	open
Sites and Monuments Record	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026, 19:29	open

How we work this out

Applications whose site outline (or map point) falls on this property. 'No sign building has started' means we found no notice to the council's building control office; small jobs don't always file one, so ask. A missing completion certificate is not proof of a problem: an owner can opt out of official sign-off for a house or extension built for themselves.

Sources: Building Control Management System (commencement notices), National Planning Application Database · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
Building Control Management System (commencement notices)	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 00:44	open
National Planning Application Database	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 02:04	open

Question 2

Could you extend?

Nothing on this site restricts it: not protected, not in a conservation area.

Figure 2

What happened to applications like yours

A new house in a garden is harder: 21% approved, and 1 in 7 is asked for more information.

New house in a garden or site28 decided · more info asked 14%

21% · council 57%

Approved nearbyKildare overall

Decided applications within 1.5 km, received in the last 10 years. The kind of work is read from each description.

CalculatedOur classificationcouncil register via NPAD · 28 nearby, 2,003 council-wide

Figure 3

Tuckmilltown, file by file since 2017

4 of 4 decided extensions on the road were approved. New houses in side gardens or on sites: 2 of 10.

ApprovedRefusedWithdrawn or invalid

25 files with "Tuckmilltown" in the address within 600 m, other roads of the same name left out. Hover a dot for the house number and reference.

MeasuredOur classificationcouncil register via NPAD · 2017–2026

Extensions and refusals right beside you 0 within 250 m · 0 refused within 100 m

Extensions and refusals near you 0 extensions within 250 m · the last 12 months

No home extensions within 250 m in the last 12 months.

Refused within 100 m 0 in the last 12 months

Nothing refused this close in the last 12 months.

How we work this out

Home extensions are read from the application's description (extension, attic or dormer, porch, garage conversion, garden room), so a few may be missed or mislabelled. The kind is the first that fits: a dormer with a rear extension counts as a dormer. Refusal reasons come from An Coimisiún Pleanála's inspector reports, so they exist only where the refusal was appealed (Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown so far). The council's own reasons are on its planning file.

Sources: National Planning Application Database, An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed) · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
National Planning Application Database	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 02:04	open
An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed)	CC BY 4.0	9 Oct 2026, 23:03	open

Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices), National Planning Application Database · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed)	CC BY 4.0	9 Oct 2026, 23:03	open
Building Control Management System (commencement notices)	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 00:44	open
National Planning Application Database	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 02:04	open

Question 3

How long, and what if someone objects?

Figure 4

A home extension's journey here

A decision takes 53 days. 1 in 2 is asked for more information, which adds about 115 days.

Bars are medians; whiskers show the middle half. Medians of separate steps don't add up exactly.

Calculated17 decided home extensions, 7 start notices · within 1.5 km, 10 years · NPAD, BCMS, An Coimisiún Pleanála

Figure 5

What appeals changed

0 of 6 appealed refusals became permissions.

Refusals appealed6 decided

0 became permissions

Ended approvedEnded refusedWithdrawn, invalid or other

Every appeal decided within 1.5 km in 10 years, any kind of development.

CalculatedAn Coimisiún Pleanála cases linked to the council file

Appeals nearby 1 in the last 12 months

501363 Pending · Oughterard, Straffan, Co.Kildare · 1.5 km

Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Courts Service legal diary (judicial reviews), National Planning Application Database · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed)	CC BY 4.0	9 Oct 2026, 23:03	open
Courts Service legal diary (judicial reviews)	© the publisher	15 Oct 2026, 01:33	open
National Planning Application Database	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 02:04	open

Question 4

What's changing around you?

Street map around L6021 with 13 numbered planning items — ⌖ the houseOpen for commentsWindow closingNo decision yetApprovedRefused

1Bishopscourt Upper, Blackhill 2661062No decision yet · 814 m
2Pluckstown, Straffan 2661066No decision yet · 1.6 km
3Tuckmilltown, Straffan 2660953Refused · 172 m
4Oughterard House, Oughterard 2660156Approved with conditions · 1.1 km
5Tuckmilltown, Straffan 2561398No decision yet · 336 m
6Tuckmilltown, Straffan 2660477No decision yet · 344 m
7Tuckmilltown, Straffan 2561443Approved with conditions · 463 m
8Oughterard, Straffan 2561426No decision yet · 1.1 km
9Bishopscourt Upper, Kill 2660176Refused · 1.3 km
10Bishopscourt, Straffan 2561360Approved with conditions · 1.4 km
11Oughterard, Straffan 2660209Refused · 1.5 km
12Straffan Road, Alasty 2561294Refused · 1.7 km
13The Beeches, Painestown 2660048Refused · 1.9 km

Figure 6

What happens to applications within 500 m

Permission isn't building. Of 12 permissions since 2016, 1 show a start notice and 1 has a completion certificate.

Purple bands are refusals turned into permissions on appeal. "No start notice found" includes small jobs that never needed one and notices we couldn't match.

Measured24 applications in 10 years · NPAD, An Coimisiún Pleanála, BCMS start notices and completion certificates

Figure 7

The next 30 days

4 deadlines within 2.0 km; the first closes 30 Oct 2026.

Comments closeTime to appeal ends

Comments close 30 Oct 202615 days left
12661062 · application received — a. RETAIN ENLARGED GARAGE WITH ACCESS STAIRS TO FIRST FLOOR LEVEL STORE. b. RETAIN APPLICATION…
€20 to the council · 814 m away
Comments close 2 Nov 202618 days left
22661066 · application received — The development consists of the construction of an outdoor horse shelter and the provision of a…
€20 to the council · 1.6 km away
Time to appeal ends 10 Nov 202626 days left
32660953 · REFUSED — planning permission to construct a 2 storey dwelling, double garage, waste water treatment system and raised…
€220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 172 m away
Time to appeal ends 10 Nov 202626 days left
42660156 · CONDITIONAL — To demolish and replace existing front porch, to carry out fenestration revisions to all elevations, to…
€220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 1.1 km away

Measuredcouncil registers and An Coimisiún Pleanála · deadlines worked out from the dates on file

Figure 8

Applications within 500 m, by year

Between 1 and 5 a year; busiest 2024. 50% of decisions were approvals.

ApprovedRefusedWithdrawn or invalidUndecided

2017 and 2026 are part years (*). Exemption requests and time extensions are left out.

Measuredcouncil register via NPAD

Open for comments €20 to comment

1Bishopscourt Upper , Blackhill , Kill comments close 30 Oct 2026
a. RETAIN ENLARGED GARAGE WITH ACCESS STAIRS TO FIRST FLOOR LEVEL STORE. b. RETAIN APPLICATION 05/1780…
266106225 Sept 2026814 m
2Pluckstown , Straffan , Co. Kildare comments close 2 Nov 2026
The development consists of the construction of an outdoor horse shelter and the provision of a horse walker…
266106628 Sept 20261.6 km

Every application within 2.0 km 21 in the last 12 months

See every application on the map

3Tuckmilltown , Straffan , Co Kildare Refused
planning permission to construct a 2 storey dwelling, double garage, waste water treatment system and raised…
266095313 Oct 2026172 m
6Tuckmilltown , Straffan , Co. Kildare No decision yet
a two-storey dwelling serviced with an onsite waste water treatment system to current EPA guidelines,…
26604771 May 20261 homes344 m
11Oughterard , Straffan , Co.Kildare Refused
For the construction of a single storey bungalow, secondary effluent treatment system, block up existing…
266020922 Apr 20261 homes1.5 km
Tuckmilltown , Straffan , Co. Kildare Withdrawn or not valid
form a new entrance from public road, construction of a stable building comprising 8 stables, tack room, feed…
266017023 Feb 20261 homes250 m
9Bishopscourt Upper , Kill , Co. Kildare Refused
3 no. single storey, detached tourist accommodation lodges each with 2 no. additional single storey, detached…
266017616 Apr 20261.3 km
Oughterard , Straffan , Co. Kildare Withdrawn or not valid
the construction of a single storey bungalow, secondary effluent treatment system, block up existing…
266017423 Feb 20261.5 km
4Oughterard House , Oughterard , Straffan Approved with conditions
To demolish and replace existing front porch, to carry out fenestration revisions to all elevations, to…
266015613 Oct 20261.1 km
Oughterard House , Oughterard , Straffan Withdrawn or not valid
to demolish and replace existing front porch, to carry out fenestration revisions to all elevations, to…
266014417 Feb 20261.1 km
13The Beeches , Painestown , Kill Refused
constructing a new domestic garage and all associated site works
266004814 Aug 20261.9 km
The Beeches , Painestown , Co. Kildare Withdrawn or not valid
constructing a new domestic garage and all associated site works
266003916 Jan 20261.9 km
Tuckmilltown , Straffan , Co. Kildare Withdrawn or not valid
to form new entrance from public road. construction of a stable building comprising 8 stables, tack room,…
256149122 Dec 2025250 m
7Tuckmilltown , Straffan , Co. Kildare Approved with conditions
for (a) As constructed single storey side extension to existing house and (b) As constructed stables and…
256144330 Mar 20261 homes463 m
8Oughterard , Straffan , Co. Kildare No decision yet
for to build a single storey dwelling, serviced with an onsite domestic wastewater treatment system to…
256142615 Dec 20251 homes1.1 km
Oughterard House , Oughterard , Straffan Withdrawn or not valid
To demolish and replace existing front porch, to carry out fenestration revisions to all elevations, to…
256142115 Dec 20251.1 km
5Tuckmilltown , Straffan , Co. Kildare. No decision yet
(A) permission to remove condition 3 of planning file ref 03/409 regarding sterilisation of the lands subject…
25613989 Dec 20251 homes336 m
10Bishopscourt , Straffan , County Kildare Approved with conditions
a New dwelling and detached garage, Existing Agricultural entrance to become shared entrance for new…
256136018 May 20261 homes1.4 km
Bishopscourt , Straffan , County Kildare Withdrawn or not valid
a New dwelling and detached garage, Existing Agricultural entrance to become shared entrance for new…
256133326 Nov 20251 homes1.4 km
12Straffan Road , Alasty , Co. Kildare Refused
for change of use, development and retention works for the purposes of the provision of holiday…
256129424 Aug 20261.7 km
Tuckmilltown , Straffan , Co. Kildare Withdrawn or not valid
The construction of a stables with a bungalow type dwelling, adjacent garage, treatment plant and vehicular…
256117917 Oct 2025250 m

How we work this out

Descriptions are shortened by the national planning database (to 80 characters in Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, 70 in Fingal), and it does not publish applicants' names.

Sources: National Planning Application Database, An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices) · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
National Planning Application Database	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 02:04	open
An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed)	CC BY 4.0	9 Oct 2026, 23:03	open
Building Control Management System (commencement notices)	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 00:44	open

Building work nearby 2 in the last 12 months

2 no sign-off needed

BISHOPSCOURT, Straffan Road, Kildare · 19 Sept 2026 · 1 homes · start notice, opted out no sign-off needed · 2561360 · 1.5 km
kill east, kill, Kildare · 19 Jan 2026 · 1 homes · start notice, opted out no sign-off needed · 2560144 · 1.9 km

How we work this out

Each row is a notice the builder sent to the council's building control office before work started. One notice can cover many homes. 'Signed off as finished' means a completion certificate is on file; work done under an opt-out or a short notice doesn't need one.

Source: Building Control Management System (commencement notices) · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 00:44

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
Building Control Management System (commencement notices)	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 00:44	open

How busy is this area About as busy as most of Kildare County Council.

Homes approved

Here0

Council middle0

Homes started

Here1

Council middle2

How we work this out

Homes approved counts schemes of 10 or more homes (one-off houses are not included). Homes started counts every home in a notice that building work was starting. The council figure is the middle value across the council's built-up squares of the same area (3.1 km², about a 1 km circle), so half of them saw more and half fewer.

Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices), National Planning Application Database · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed)	CC BY 4.0	9 Oct 2026, 23:03	open
Building Control Management System (commencement notices)	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 00:44	open
National Planning Application Database	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026, 02:04	open

Question 5

What's the area like?

Figure 9

This street block against the council

87% owner-occupied (council 71%).

Homes built before 1971

24% · council 16%

Homes built since 2001

27% · council 40%

Owner-occupied

87% · council 71%

Rented

7% · council 24%

Children under 15

18% · council 22%

Aged 65 and over

19% · council 12%

Households with 2+ cars

73% · council 51%

Work mainly from home

13% · council 12%

This small area (414 people)Kildare

MeasuredCSO Census 2022, Small Area Population Statistics (CC BY 4.0) · small area 087076002

Radon

1 in 20

homes here likely high (EPA). Test it

Flood

Within 2.0 km

OPW flood map area, not beside the house

Homes sold nearby

in 3 years (Property Price Register)

Schools, stops and the council

Schools

None nearby.

Stops 2

Sources: Public transport stops and routes (NTA GTFS), Department of Education school list, Council consultation portals, Council meetings (ModernGov), Land Development Agency public land register, cso_saps_2022, National Transport Authority, Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council development plan layers (CC BY 4.0), dartplus.ie project extents over NTA GTFS rail shapes (CC BY 4.0), EPA strategic noise maps, Fingal County Council · fetched 15 Oct 2026, 01:32

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
Public transport stops and routes (NTA GTFS)	CC BY 4.0	11 Oct 2026, 23:43	open
Department of Education school list	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026, 23:32	open
Council consultation portals	Public	15 Oct 2026, 01:32	open
Council meetings (ModernGov)	Public	15 Oct 2026, 01:32	open
Land Development Agency public land register	CC BY 4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43	open
cso_saps_2022	CC BY 4.0	—	open
National Transport Authority	CC BY 4.0	—	—
Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council development plan layers (CC BY 4.0)	CC BY 4.0	—	—
dartplus.ie project extents over NTA GTFS rail shapes (CC BY 4.0)	CC BY 4.0	—	—
EPA strategic noise maps	CC BY 4.0	—	—
Fingal County Council	CC BY 4.0	—	—

Question 6

What to ask, and who

Keeping work already done was refused (2461302, 2025): was it removed?
Ask for: Proof it was removed, or a later grant.
Seller · solicitor
Keeping work already done was refused (2461279, 2025): was it removed?
Ask for: Proof it was removed, or a later grant.
Seller · solicitor
Keeping work already done was refused (23423, 2023): was it removed?
Ask for: Proof it was removed, or a later grant.
Seller · solicitor
Application 814 m away open for comments until 30 Oct 2026: comment?
Ask for: The plans on the council's website (€20 to comment).
Council
Decision 172 m away can be appealed until 10 Nov 2026: appeal?
Ask for: The decision on the council's website (€220 to appeal).
Council
Any work done without planning permission?
Ask for: An opinion of compliance for the whole house.
Seller · solicitor

Reference

Where this is, the terms, the sources

Townland: Tuckmilltown
Electoral division: Oughterard
Electoral area: Naas
Council: Kildare County Council

Everything we found, as a list 8 lines

5 applications on this site; latest 2461302, refused 2025.
Not protected; no vacant land tax.
Nothing nearby looks set to change.
2 applications open for comments nearby; nearest closes 30 Oct 2026.
No scheduled public transport within 800 m.
Here (2022 census): 87% owner-occupied (council 71%); 2% of homes empty (council 5%); most built 2001–2010; 66% drive to work (council 61%); population up 14% since 2016.
The council decides in a median 61 days (about 9 weeks); 43% are asked for more information.
21 applications nearby in the last 12 months; 38% approved (council 80%); 19% for work already built (council 25%).

What the terms mean 8 terms

Vacant land tax (Residential Zoned Land Tax (RZLT)): A yearly tax of 3% of the land's value on land that is zoned for homes and serviced but left unbuilt.
Building started (Commencement notice (BCMS)): The builder must tell the council's building control office 14 to 28 days before work starts.
Signed off as finished (Certificate of Compliance on Completion): A certificate filed when a building is finished, confirming it meets the building regulations.
Approved (Grant of permission): The council said yes, usually with conditions.
Comment on an application (Observation / submission): Anyone can comment on a planning application within five weeks of it being lodged, for a €20 fee.
Appeal (Appeal to An Coimisiún Pleanála): The applicant, or anyone who commented in time, can appeal the council's decision within four weeks.
Permission for work already done (Retention permission): An application to keep something that was built without permission.
What the land is zoned for (Zoning objective): The council's development plan sets what each area is for: homes, shops, open space and so on.

Sources and licences 28

Source	Publisher	Licence	Fetched
EPA strategic noise maps	—	CC BY 4.0	—
Fingal County Council	—	CC BY 4.0	—
Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council development plan layers (CC BY 4.0)	—	CC BY 4.0	—
National Transport Authority	—	CC BY 4.0	—
services-eu1.arcgis.com	An Coimisiún Pleanála	CC BY 4.0	9 Oct 2026
data.nbco.gov.ie	National Building Control Office (BCMS)	CC BY 4.0	14 Oct 2026
data.gov.ie	Various (see each layer)	CC BY 4.0, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0	27 Sept 2026
s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com	Office of Public Works	CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · flag only	11 Sept 2026
services-eu1.arcgis.com	National Inventory of Architectural Heritage	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026
gis.epa.ie	Environmental Protection Agency	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026
services-eu1.arcgis.com	National Monuments Service (SMR)	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026
dlrcoco.citizenspace.com	Local authorities (consultation portals)	Public	15 Oct 2026
www2.courts.ie	—	© the publisher	15 Oct 2026
cso.ie	—	CC BY 4.0	—
dartplus.ie project extents over NTA GTFS rail shapes (CC BY 4.0)	—	CC BY 4.0	—
services-eu1.arcgis.com	Local authorities (derelict sites registers)	CC BY 4.0	12 Oct 2026
esbnetworks.ie	—	© the publisher · flag only	11 Sept 2026
transportforireland.ie	National Transport Authority	CC BY 4.0	11 Oct 2026
lda.ie	Land Development Agency	CC BY 4.0	11 Sept 2026
meetings.fingal.ie	Local authorities (council meetings)	Public	15 Oct 2026
services.arcgis.com	Department of Housing (National Planning Application Database)	CC BY 4.0	15 Oct 2026
services-eu1.arcgis.com	Tailte Éireann	CC BY 4.0	11 Sept 2026
services-eu1.arcgis.com	CSO, Tailte Éireann, OpenStreetMap contributors	CC BY 4.0	4 Oct 2026
propertypriceregister.ie	Property Services Regulatory Authority (PPR)	© PSRA, PSI licence	15 Oct 2026
services.arcgis.com	Local authorities (RZLT maps)	CC BY 4.0	11 Oct 2026
gov.ie	Department of Education	CC BY 4.0	27 Sept 2026
gov.ie	Department of Housing	CC BY-SA 4.0	9 Oct 2026
services.arcgis.com	Local authorities via the Department of Housing (GZT / MyPlan)	CC BY 4.0	11 Oct 2026

Measured

counted from a public register

Calculated

a rate or median we worked out from those counts

Our classification

we sorted it by reading each description

Estimate

inferred from another source (census, map data)

Rule summary

the law, simplified: check before relying on it

How we work this out

Generated 15 Oct 2026, 23:56 from the Planning Register store; nothing was fetched live. Not a legal search: the council's planning file is the record. Deadlines come from published dates under the Planning and Development Act 2000: confirm with the council before relying on them. Street map © OpenStreetMap contributors; building outlines © Overture Maps Foundation. The text version carries every figure with its source, for an AI assistant.

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