Site report · 1000 m radius · generated 13 Sept 2026, 08:55

Avoca Road

Eircode —Coordinates 53.29405, -6.19167Local authority Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council

What closes soonest 14 open windows

Observations close 14 Sept 20261 day left
D26A/0597/WEB — application received — The proposed development consists of the subdivision of the existing site curtil
5 weeks from receipt (10 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 636 m away
Observations close 15 Sept 20262 days left
D26A/0598/WEB — application received — The development will consists of: revise permitted development approved under P
5 weeks from receipt (11 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 853 m away
Observations close 15 Sept 20262 days left
D26A/0599/WEB — application received — The development consists of a canopy erected over service bays along with all a
5 weeks from receipt (11 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 876 m away
Observations close 15 Sept 20262 days left
D26B/0449/WEB — application received — The development consists of: The alteration and extension of the existing single
5 weeks from receipt (11 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 858 m away
Observations close 17 Sept 20264 days left
D26A/0609/WEB — application received — The development will consists of: revise permitted development approved under P
5 weeks from receipt (13 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 853 m away
Appeal window closes 18 Sept 20265 days left
D26A/0530/WEB — DECLARE APPLICATION INVALID — Development will consist of: 1. Deep retrofit refurbishment of existing dwelling
4 weeks from the council's decision (21 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 401 m away
Observations close 18 Sept 20265 days left
D26A/0612/WEB — application received — The development will consists of: revise permitted development approved under P
5 weeks from receipt (14 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 853 m away
Appeal window closes 18 Sept 20265 days left
D26A/0494/WEB — REQUEST ADDITIONAL INFORMATION — Permission sought for: 1) Demolition of existing pitched roof detached house and
4 weeks from the council's decision (21 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 0 m away
Observations close 21 Sept 20268 days left
D26A/0616/WEB — application received — Widening of the existing front pedestrian entrance gateway up to a maximum widt
5 weeks from receipt (17 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 574 m away
Judicial review window closes 21 Sept 20268 days left
Refuse permission
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (27 Jul 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 807 m away
Appeal window closes 21 Sept 20268 days left
D26A/0109/WEB — REFUSE PERMISSION — (a) The renovation and extension of the existing dwelling with partial demolitio
4 weeks from the council's decision (24 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 431 m away
Observations close 22 Sept 20269 days left
D26A/0618/WEB — application received — The development consists of a canopy erected over service bays along with all a
5 weeks from receipt (18 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 876 m away
Observations close 25 Sept 202612 days left
D26B/0463/WEB — application received — The development will consist of the construction of a single storey extension t
5 weeks from receipt (21 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 807 m away
Judicial review window closes 20 Oct 202637 days left
Refuse permission
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (25 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 807 m away

Sources: acp, consult, moderngov, npad, rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open
moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48	open
npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38	open
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Where this is

Townland: Stillorgan Grove
Settlement: Dublin city and suburbs
Electoral division: Blackrock-Central
Local electoral area: Blackrock
Local authority: Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council

Census 2022, small area 267021006

279

people

households

106

dwellings

74.2% owner-occupied, 21.5% privately rented, 0% social. Vacancy 6.6%.

Sources: places, parcels · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 21:28

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28	open
parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06	open

Zoning evaluated against the point

R2 — Existing residential county development plan 2022 2028 · 1 Apr 2022 – 1 Apr 2028

Objective A: A To provide residential development and improve residential amenity while protecting the existing residential amenities

What that means: An established residential area. The objective is to protect existing residential amenity as well as to provide housing — which is the objective a neighbour's objection to an overbearing extension is usually argued under.

Source: zoning · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Designations and constraints within 1000 m

An OPW flood extent intersects this area. The OPW's map is licensed CC-BY-NC-ND, so we show a flag only — see the extent at floodinfo.ie.

Designation	Count	Examples
Architectural Conservation Area	2	Sydney Avenue, Blackrock; Waltham Terrace, Blackrock
Radon risk area	1	About 1 in 20 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels
Record of Protected Structures	199	Park House (Polio Fellowship of Ireland); Bellevue; Dunamase
Recorded monument	12	Ecclesiastical site; Church; Graveyard

Sources: constraints, constraints.aca, constraints.flood_cfram, constraints.radon, constraints.rps, constraints.smr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:11

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.aca	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.flood_cfram	CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0 · not redistributable — shown as a flag only	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.rps	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open

Residential Zoned Land Tax

This site is on an RZLT map — the draft map 2027 and the final map 2026 (2.12 ha). The owner is liable for an annual 3% tax on market value while it stays there. Submissions on the draft map closed 1 Apr 2026.

Source: rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Planning applications 500 in 5 years within 1.0 km

Open for observation

28, Saint Laurence's Park, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin, A94R659 observations close 14 Sept 2026 · 1 day left
The proposed development consists of the subdivision of the existing site curtil
D26A/0597/WEBreceived 10 Aug 2026636 m away
8, Woodlands Drive, Stillorgan, Blackrock, Co Dublin, A94N202 observations close 15 Sept 2026 · 2 days left
The development consists of: The alteration and extension of the existing single
D26B/0449/WEBreceived 11 Aug 2026858 m away
86, Carysfort Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94HE92 observations close 15 Sept 2026 · 2 days left
The development will consists of: revise permitted development approved under P
D26A/0598/WEBreceived 11 Aug 2026decided 12 Aug 2026853 m away
Applegreen, Stillorgan Road, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94AN81 observations close 15 Sept 2026 · 2 days left
The development consists of a canopy erected over service bays along with all a
D26A/0599/WEBreceived 11 Aug 2026decided 12 Aug 2026876 m away
86, Carysfort Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94HE92 observations close 17 Sept 2026 · 4 days left
The development will consists of: revise permitted development approved under P
D26A/0609/WEBreceived 13 Aug 2026decided 13 Aug 2026853 m away
86 Carysfort Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94HE92 observations close 18 Sept 2026 · 5 days left
The development will consists of: revise permitted development approved under P
D26A/0612/WEBreceived 14 Aug 2026853 m away
23 Green Road, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 A0K8 observations close 21 Sept 2026 · 8 days left
Widening of the existing front pedestrian entrance gateway up to a maximum widt
D26A/0616/WEBreceived 17 Aug 2026574 m away
Applegreen, Stillorgan Road, Blackrock, Dublin, A94AN81 observations close 22 Sept 2026 · 9 days left
The development consists of a canopy erected over service bays along with all a
D26A/0618/WEBreceived 18 Aug 2026876 m away
4, Anglesea Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94D8P0 observations close 25 Sept 2026 · 12 days left
The development will consist of the construction of a single storey extension t
D26B/0463/WEBreceived 21 Aug 2026807 m away

Recent decisions and applications

336

Grant permission

Declare application invalid

Refuse permission

Grant permission for retention

36, Willow Lodge, Stillorgan Grove, Stillorgan, Dublin, A94VP97 Assessment Period
Development will consist of the installation of a new external door to the side
D26B/0441/WEBreceived 31 Jul 2026665 m away

`description` is truncated at source (80 chars for DLR, 70 for Fingal) and `applicant` is null nationally — NPAD publishes neither in full.

Source: npad · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 20:38

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38	open

Appeals 52 in 5 years within 1.0 km

ACP 501228 on D26B/0113/WEB Refused
received 27 Apr 2026decided 25 Aug 2026807 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501906 on D26A/0393 Pending
received 17 Aug 2026289 m away
ACP 501876 on D26A/0397/WEB Pending
received 13 Aug 2026303 m away
ACP 500723 on D25B/0461 Refused
received 4 Feb 2026decided 27 Jul 2026807 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501704 on D25A/0989/WEB Pending
received 14 Jul 2026760 m away
ACP 501674 on D26A/0302/WEB Pending
received 7 Jul 2026992 m away
ACP 500969 on D25A/0958/WEB Refused
received 11 Mar 2026decided 1 Jul 2026792 m awayinspector's report
ACP 500777 on D25B/0631/WEB Refused
received 9 Feb 2026decided 19 May 2026991 m awayinspector's report
ACP 324043 on LRD25A/0637/WEB Granted with conditions
received 26 Jan 2026decided 15 May 2026726 m awayinspector's report
ACP 500480 on D25A/0757/WEB Refused
received 16 Dec 2025decided 20 Mar 2026625 m awayinspector's report

Source: acp · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open

Commencement notices 152 in 3 years within 1.0 km

53 Stillorgan Park, Stillorgan, Dublin, A94 E170 — Short commencement notice
23 Sept 2026CN0147651DRD25A/0977/WEB505 m away
33 Priory Avenue, Dublin, A94 PY59 — Opt out commencement notice
16 Sept 2026CN0147294DRD26A/0389/WEB440 m away
52 Beaufield Park, Dublin, A94 CX39 — Opt out commencement notice
2 Sept 2026CN0146862DRD26A/0386/WEB949 m away
12 Brookfield Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 WN67 — Short commencement notice
10 Aug 2026CN0145943DRD25A/0758/WEB903 m away
34 Carysfort Woods, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X276 — Opt out commencement notice
6 Aug 2026CN0145731DRD26A/0058/WEB941 m away
1 Glenart Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 C6A2 — Opt out commencement notice
3 Aug 2026CN0145460DRD25B/0618/WEB132 m away
100 Stillorgan Grove, Dublin, A94 TW71 — Opt out commencement notice
27 Jul 2026CN0145307DRD26A/0103/WEB387 m away
Sycamore Crescent, Dublin, A94Y8D2 — Opt out commencement notice
22 Jul 2026CN0145074DRD25B/0727/WEB932 m away
Avoca Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin, A94T6N1 — Short commencement notice
20 Jul 2026CN0144659DRD25A/0889/WEB217 m away
18 Patrician Villas, Dublin, A94 KP27 — Opt out commencement notice
14 Jul 2026CN0144720DRD26B/0203/WEB367 m away

One notice can cover many buildings — count notices, never building rows, or a single multi-unit scheme reads as a trend (T11).

Source: bcms · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 23:34

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
bcms	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 23:34	open

Sales 1306 in 36 months within 1.0 km

€775,330

median price

€7,492/m²

median €/m²

1306

sales

227

rooftop-geocoded

759

with listing detail

137

new builds

€10,000 – €56,035,242, 13 Sept 2023 to 4 Sept 2026.

Address	Sold	Price	Asking	Type	Beds	m²	€/m²	BER	Dist.
APARTMENT NO 9, DAWSON COURT, CROSS AVENUE	4 Sept 2026	€560,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
21 GROSVENOR HOUSE, MONKSTOWN, DUBLIN	3 Sept 2026	€540,010	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
SELANDIA, NEWTOWNPARK AVE, BLACKROCK	2 Sept 2026	€3,150,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
THE PADDOCK SELANDIA, NEWTOWNPARK AVE, BLACKROCK	2 Sept 2026	€3,150,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
42 BELFIELD PARK, STILLORGAN RD, STILLORGAN	1 Sept 2026	€495,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
29 WALTHAM TERRACE, BLACKROCK, DUBLIN	27 Aug 2026	€2,210,000	€1,975,000	Semi-D	3	170	13,000	—	152 m
2 ARDLUI PARK, BLACKROCK, DUBLIN	27 Aug 2026	€1,070,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
35 SOUTHDENE, MONKSTOWN VALLEY, MONKSTOWN	26 Aug 2026	€590,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
105 BEECHWOOD COURT, STILLORGAN, DUBLIN	26 Aug 2026	€461,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m
22 AVONDALE LAWN, BLACKROCK, CO DUBLIN	25 Aug 2026	€980,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	152 m

PPR addresses are geocoded, not surveyed — a sale's position is as good as its address match (`rooftop_n` says how many are address-accurate). Beds, floor area, BER and asking price come from the matched daft.ie advertisement, not from the Register, and only where a match was found (`enriched_n`).

Sources: cara_listings, ppr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 20:14

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14	open
ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	12 Sept 2026, 20:31	open

Consultations 2 matched by place

Cruise Passenger Realignment Project, Dun Laoghaire Harbour 38 days left
closes 21 Oct 2026Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Councillea-wide
Environment: Green Dog Walkers Pledge 109 days left
closes 31 Dec 2026Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Councilcounty-wide

Source: consult · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Council items 5 in 24 months

National flag in Blackrock Park
Dún Laoghaire CHEPP Area Committee Meeting7 Sept 202615Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Taking in Charge at Proby Place, Blackrock, Co. Dublin
Monthly County Council Meeting11 May 20266Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Question in the name of Councillor Clodagh Ní Mhuirí
North Central Area Committee16 Feb 2026Q.46Dublin City Council
Local Authorities Members' Association (LAMA) Spring Conference, 28th and 29th January 2026, The Connacht Hotel, Old Dublin Road, Galway
County Council12 Jan 2026F/25/26aFingal County Council
Report No. 199/2024 of the A/Assistant Chief Executive (M. Igoe)- With reference to the proposed disposal of the Council's Fee Simple interest at 41 Newtown Avenue, Coolock Industrial Estate, Dublin 17 to E TO INFINITY- For Blacklion Real Estate Fund.
Monthly Council Meeting7 Oct 202416(c)Dublin City Council

Source: moderngov · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 21:48

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48	open

Capacity and public land

No publishable utility-capacity record within the radius. 63 records from Esb substation withheld: source licence forbids redistribution; see the operator's own register.

Public land (LDA register of relevant lands)

Health Service Executive — Dublin city and suburbs
1.02 hafolio DN201697F240 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
University College Dublin — Dublin city and suburbs
1.63 hafolio DN119736F294 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.2 hafolio DN61455F341 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.18 hafolio DN61455F378 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
University College Dublin — Dublin city and suburbs
1.58 hafolio DN119736F424 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
University College Dublin — Dublin city and suburbs
1.6 hafolio DN88095L437 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
University College Dublin — Dublin city and suburbs
0.7 hafolio DN119736F546 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
University College Dublin — Dublin city and suburbs
1.37 hafolio DN88095L549 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023

Sources: esbn, lda_lands · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 16:42

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable — shown as a flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42	open
lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43	open

Schools and public transport within 1.0 km

Schools

CARYSFORT NS
primary583 pupilsCatholic668 m
BOOTERSTOWN N S
primary85 pupilsChurch Of Ireland724 m
Oatlands College
postprimary623 pupilsCATHOLIC742 m
Dominican College
postprimary521 pupilsCATHOLIC850 m
ALL SAINTS N S
primary51 pupilsChurch Of Ireland888 m
ST AUGUSTINES SCHOOL
primary157 pupilsCatholic910 m
Oatlands Primary School, An Edmund Rice School
primary428 pupilsCatholic961 m

Stops 41 · routes 114, 116, 118, 133, 181, 2, 46n, 47, 700, 740, 740A, 740X, 7B, 7D, E1, E2, L25, L26, S6, X1, X2

Stillorgan Grove
7B, 7D, L25438 m
Patrician Villas
7B, 7D, L25466 m
Laurence Park
116, 118, 133, 181, 7B, 7D, E1, E2, X1, X2544 m
Coppinger Wood
7B, 7D, L25587 m
Grove Avenue
S6598 m
Stillorgan Park
133, 181, 46n, E1, E2, X1, X2604 m
Clanfadda Wood
S6611 m
Hyde Park Avenue
S6619 m

Sources: gtfs, schools · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:16

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16	open
schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41	open

Sources used in this report

Section	Source	Licence	Fetched
Location	places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28
Parcel	parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06
Zoning	zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Constraints	constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.aca	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.flood_cfram	CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0 · not redistributable, flag only	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.rps	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Rzlt	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23
Planning	npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38
Appeals	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Commencements	bcms	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 23:34
Sales	cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14
Sales	ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	12 Sept 2026, 20:31
Consultations	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Council items	moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48
Capacity	esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable, flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42
Public land	lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43
Projects	social_housing	CC-BY-SA-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 20:13
Amenities	gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16
Amenities	schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41
Deadlines	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Deadlines	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Deadlines	moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48
Deadlines	npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38
Deadlines	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Generated 13 Sept 2026, 08:55 from the Planning Register store. Nothing on this page was fetched live: every figure was already in the store with the fetch time shown. Deadlines are derived from published receipt and decision dates under the Planning and Development Act 2000; confirm with the planning authority before relying on them.

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