Site report · 500 m radius · generated 12 Sept 2026, 22:19

Link Road

Eircode A94F9Y6Coordinates 53.29420, -6.15165Local authority Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council

What closes soonest 6 open windows

Observations close 16 Sept 20264 days left
D26A/0605 — application received — 1 / 2 storey dwelling including ancilliary works.
5 weeks from receipt (12 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 191 m away
Appeal window closes 17 Sept 20265 days left
D26A/0487/WEB — REQUEST ADDITIONAL INFORMATION — Permission is sought for refurbishment, consisting of internal layout alteration
4 weeks from the council's decision (20 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 112 m away
Appeal window closes 17 Sept 20265 days left
D26B/0382/WEB — REFUSE PERMISSION FOR RETENTION — Permission is being sought for retention of extension to rear of property and of
4 weeks from the council's decision (20 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 493 m away
Observations close 18 Sept 20266 days left
V/056/26 — application received — 1 Dwelling.
5 weeks from receipt (14 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 191 m away
Appeal window closes 22 Sept 202610 days left
D26A/0630/WEB — DECLARE APPLICATION INVALID — 1. Removal of the 3 no. existing rooflights and replacement with proposed dormer
4 weeks from the council's decision (25 Aug 2026) · s.37 Planning and Development Act 2000 · €220 to An Coimisiún Pleanála (€110 observer) · 0 m away
Observations close 29 Sept 202617 days left
D26A/0630/WEB — application received — 1. Removal of the 3 no. existing rooflights and replacement with proposed dormer
5 weeks from receipt (25 Aug 2026) · s.34 Planning and Development Act 2000 · art. 29 Regulations 2001 · €20 to the council · 0 m away

Sources: acp, consult, moderngov, npad, rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open
moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48	open
npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38	open
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Where this is

Townland: Dunleary
Settlement: Dublin city and suburbs
Electoral division: Dun Laoghaire-Salthill
Local electoral area: Dún Laoghaire
Local authority: Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council

Census 2022, small area 267075007

197

people

households

dwellings

52.5% owner-occupied, 40% privately rented, 1.2% social. Vacancy 14.4%.

Sources: places, parcels · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 21:28

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28	open
parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06	open

Zoning evaluated against the point

R2 — Existing residential county development plan 2022 2028 · 1 Apr 2022 – 1 Apr 2028

Objective A: A To provide residential development and improve residential amenity while protecting the existing residential amenities

What that means: An established residential area. The objective is to protect existing residential amenity as well as to provide housing — which is the objective a neighbour's objection to an overbearing extension is usually argued under.

Source: zoning · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Designations and constraints within 500 m

No OPW CFRAM/NIFM flood extent within 500 m.

Designation	Count	Examples
Architectural Conservation Area	4	Dun Laoghaire Harbour / Dun Laoghaire Seafront; Monkstown; The Metals
Natural Heritage Area (incl. proposed)	1	South Dublin Bay
Radon risk area	3	About 1 in 10 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels; About 1 in 20 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels; About 1 in 5 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels
Record of Protected Structures	164	West Pier; Carrick Hoover Centre; Dunleary House
Special Area of Conservation	1	South Dublin Bay SAC
Recorded monument	4	Church; Graveyard; Charnel house
Special Protection Area	1	South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA

Sources: constraints, constraints.aca, constraints.nha, constraints.radon, constraints.rps, constraints.sac, constraints.smr, constraints.spa · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:11

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.aca	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.nha	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.rps	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.sac	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.spa	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open

Residential Zoned Land Tax

This site is on an RZLT map — the draft map 2027 and the final map 2026 (0.7 ha). The owner is liable for an annual 3% tax on market value while it stays there. Submissions on the draft map closed 1 Apr 2026.

Source: rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Planning applications 133 in 5 years within 500 m

Open for observation

6, Pakenham Road, Monkstown, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, A94V4H0 observations close 16 Sept 2026 · 4 days left
1 / 2 storey dwelling including ancilliary works.
D26A/0605received 12 Aug 2026191 m away
Rear of 6, Pakenham Road, Monkstown, Dublin, A94V4H0 observations close 18 Sept 2026 · 6 days left
1 Dwelling.
V/056/26received 14 Aug 2026191 m away
The Mews, 15a Longford Terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin, A94F9Y6 observations close 29 Sept 2026 · 17 days left
1. Removal of the 3 no. existing rooflights and replacement with proposed dormer
D26A/0630/WEBreceived 25 Aug 2026decided 25 Aug 20260 m away

Recent decisions and applications

Grant permission

Declare application invalid

Refuse permission

Grant permission for retention

2 Clifton Terrace, Seapoint Avenue, Monkstown, Dublin, A94F2K1, (A Protected Structure) Assessment Period
1) Construction of a revised upper ground floor extension in place of the previ
D26A/0566/WEBreceived 28 Jul 2026168 m away
50, Richmond Park, Monkstown, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94C3N8 Refuse permission for retention
Permission is being sought for retention of extension to rear of property and of
D26B/0382/WEBreceived 30 Jun 2026decided 20 Aug 2026493 m away
Longford Lodge, 25 Monkstown Crescent, Monkstown, Co. Dublin, A94C4H5 - ACA Request additional information
Permission is sought for refurbishment, consisting of internal layout alteration
D26A/0487/WEBreceived 29 Jun 2026decided 20 Aug 2026112 m away
50, Richmond Park, Monkstown, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 C3N8 Declare application invalid
Permission is being sought for retention of extension to rear of property and o
D26B/0376/WEBreceived 29 Jun 2026decided 30 Jun 2026493 m away
4a, Bresson, Monkstown Crescent, Monkstown, DUBLIN, A94VK30 (A Protected Structure) S5 dec not exempt
Installation of timber glazed gates to replace existing modern mild steel gates.
REF9426received 25 Jun 2026decided 16 Jul 2026101 m away
8, Richmond Green, Monkstown, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 Y6D6 Declare application invalid
Conversion of attic to storage including a dormer window to the rear and a velu
D26B/0357/WEBreceived 21 Jun 2026decided 23 Jun 2026207 m away
10, Longford Terrace, Monkstown, DUBLIN, A94XY98 10 (A Protected Structure) S5 dec exempt
We are seeking clarification and exemption in relation to the rear external acce
REF9126received 19 Jun 2026decided 6 Jul 202643 m away

`description` is truncated at source (80 chars for DLR, 70 for Fingal) and `applicant` is null nationally — NPAD publishes neither in full.

Source: npad · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 20:38

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38	open

Appeals 26 in 5 years within 500 m

ACP 501951 on D26A/0068/WEB Pending
received 20 Aug 202643 m away
ACP 324569 on REF9426 Pending
received 10 Aug 2026101 m away
ACP 501784 on D26A/0359/WEB Pending
received 29 Jul 2026422 m away
ACP 501574 on D25A/0448/WEB Pending
received 22 Jun 202691 m away
ACP 501424 on D26A/0068/WEB Invalid
received 26 May 2026decided 27 May 202643 m away
ACP 500182 on D25A/0517/WEB Granted with conditions
received 28 Oct 2025decided 9 Mar 20267 m awayinspector's report
ACP 323325 on DM25/007 Other
received 1 Aug 2025decided 18 Nov 20257 m awayinspector's report
ACP 321765 on D24A/0484/WEB Granted with conditions
received 27 Jan 2025decided 16 Jul 2025243 m awayinspector's report
ACP 321732 on D24A/0853/WEB Granted with conditions
received 21 Jan 2025decided 14 May 2025343 m awayinspector's report
ACP 318088 on REF8923 Other
received 22 Sept 2023decided 19 Nov 202435 m awayinspector's report

Source: acp · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open

Commencement notices 19 in 3 years within 500 m

3A Monkstown Crescent, Monkstown, Dublin — Commencement notice
23 Sept 2026CN0147748DR117 m away
76 Richmond Park, Monkstown, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A94 K5N0 — Opt out commencement notice
12 May 2026CN0141979DRD25A/0021/WEB475 m away
3 Clifton Terrace, Blackrock, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A94 F5N7 — Opt out commencement notice
8 Apr 2026CN0140342DRD21A/0440190 m away
10 Richmond Park, Monkstown, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A94 V8N4 — Opt out commencement notice
10 Oct 2025CN0134154DRD25B/0037/WEB387 m away
85 Monkstown Road, Monkstown, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A94 YV22 — Short commencement notice
8 Oct 2025CN0134131DRD24A/0630/WEB286 m away
99 Monkstown Road, Dublin, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A94 Y8D8 — Commencement notice
18 Jul 2025CN0131044DR204 m away
14 Monkstown Crescent, Monkstown, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A94 DE29 — Opt out commencement notice
11 Jun 2025CN0129783DRD23A/051078 m away
44 Carrickbrennan Lawn, Monkstown, Dublin, A94 R6C7 — Short commencement notice
21 Mar 2025CN0126494DRD24B/0012490 m away
1 Grosvenor Terrace, Dublin, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A94 X060 — Opt out commencement notice
28 Oct 2024CN0121206DRD24A/0216163 m away
1 De Vesci Terrace, Dublin, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, A96 HX48 — Short commencement notice
27 Aug 2024CN0118568DRD22A/0117439 m away

One notice can cover many buildings — count notices, never building rows, or a single multi-unit scheme reads as a trend (T11).

Source: bcms · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 23:29

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
bcms	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 23:29	open

Sales 39 in 36 months within 500 m

€580,000

median price

€8,627/m²

median €/m²

sales

rooftop-geocoded

with listing detail

new builds

€300,000 – €4,025,000, 24 Jan 2024 to 5 May 2026.

Address	Sold	Price	Asking	Type	Beds	m²	€/m²	BER	Dist.
3 PURBECK, MONKSTOWN	5 May 2026	€1,500,000	€1,495,000	Semi-D	4	162	9,259	A2	386 m
29 CARRIG HOUSE, CARRICKBRENNAN RD, MONKSTOWN	9 Jan 2026	€380,000	€360,000	Apartment	1	—	—	E1	222 m
15A THE MEWS, LONGFORD TERRACE, MONKSTOWN	11 Dec 2025	€800,000	€795,000	Detached	3	150	5,333	E1	6 m
66 MONKSTOWN RD, MONKSTOWN, DUBLIN	10 Oct 2025	€1,510,000	€1,695,000	Terrace	6	266	5,677	—	243 m
10 LONGFORD TERRACE, MONKSTOWN, DUBLIN	1 Aug 2025	€4,025,000	€3,750,000	Terrace	5	405	9,938	—	57 m
30 CARRIG HOUSE, CARRICKBRENNAN RD, MONKSTOWN	22 Jul 2025	€565,000	€475,000	Apartment	2	64.6	8,746	C2	222 m
3 CAMBRIA, DE VESCI COURT, MONKSTOWN	26 Jun 2025	€490,000	€440,000	Apartment	2	64	7,656	C2	411 m
APT 69 SALTHILL, BLOCK C, MONKSTOWN	13 Jun 2025	€800,000	€745,000	Apartment	2	80	10,000	C1	159 m
8 HEATHFIELD, MONKSTOWN RD, MONKSTOWN	29 May 2025	€600,000	€595,000	Semi-D	2	57	10,526	D1	368 m
3 CLEARWATER COVE, OLD DUNLEARY RD, DUN LAOGHAIRE	8 May 2025	€600,000	€545,000	Apartment	2	64	9,375	D2	430 m

PPR addresses are geocoded, not surveyed — a sale's position is as good as its address match (`rooftop_n` says how many are address-accurate). Beds, floor area, BER and asking price come from the matched daft.ie advertisement, not from the Register, and only where a match was found (`enriched_n`).

Sources: cara_listings, ppr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 20:14

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14	open
ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	12 Sept 2026, 20:31	open

Consultations 2 matched by place

Cruise Passenger Realignment Project, Dun Laoghaire Harbour 39 days left
closes 21 Oct 2026Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Councillea-wide
Environment: Green Dog Walkers Pledge 110 days left
closes 31 Dec 2026Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Councilcounty-wide

Source: consult · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Council items 10 in 24 months

Bench on Kill Avenue
Dún Laoghaire CHEPP Area Committee Meeting7 Sept 202619Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Report No. 156/2026 of the Executive Manager (D. O'Connor) - Disposal of 2 plots to EBS at Willow View, Dublin 9 and Oscar Traynor Road, Dublin 5
Monthly Council Meeting6 Jul 202610(a)Dublin City Council
4.03. Proposed 4-year 9-month leasehold agreement for use of Berth 3, Carlisle Pier, Dún Laoghaire Harbour to the Minister of Defence.
Monthly County Council Meeting6 Jul 202634Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
The Dún Laoghaire and Blackrock Decarbonising Zone – Action and Implementation Plan
Monthly County Council Meeting6 Jul 202611Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Appointment of 3 Members to the Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown Theatre
Monthly County Council Meeting6 Jul 20265Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
4.05. Proposed Disposal by Way of a 10-year Leasehold Agreement for the Third Floor, Block 2, Harbour Square, Dún Laoghaire, Co. Dublin to Dunhumby Ireland Ltd.
Monthly County Council Meeting8 Jun 202647Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Part 8 - Proposed Build of 55nr. Unit Apartment Building and Community Facility at the Former Site of the Boylan Centre, Sussex street, Dún Laoghaire and 4 nr. Terraced Houses at 10 Eblana Avenue, Dún Laoghaire.
Monthly County Council Meeting8 Jun 20265#335Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Part 8 - Proposed Build of 55nr. Unit Apartment Building and Community Facility at the Former Site of the Boylan Centre, Sussex street, Dún Laoghaire and 4 nr. Terraced Houses at 10 Eblana Avenue, Dún Laoghaire.
Monthly County Council Meeting8 Jun 20265Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Confirmation and Adoption of Minutes of the Dún Laoghaire Area Committee CHEPP Meeting held on 6th May 2026
Dún Laoghaire CHEPP Area Committee Meeting3 Jun 202639Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
4.02. Proposed disposal of a 99-year leasehold agreement to Dalkey Utd Football Club Hyde Road, Dalkey (LD 2344)
Monthly County Council Meeting11 May 202643Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council

Source: moderngov · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 21:48

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48	open

Capacity and public land

No publishable utility-capacity record within the radius. 15 records from Esb substation withheld: source licence forbids redistribution; see the operator's own register.

Public land (LDA register of relevant lands)

Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.1 hafolio DN52559F287 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.19 hafolio DN11259L297 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
1.21 hafolio DN19659N425 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.11 hafolio DN74571F477 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
The Office of Public Works — Dublin city and suburbs
0.22 hafolio DN9125F491 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023

Sources: esbn, lda_lands · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 16:42

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable — shown as a flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42	open
lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43	open

Schools and public transport within 1.0 km

Schools

ST OLIVER PLUNKETT SP SC
primary63 pupilsCatholic235 m
Christian Brothers College
postprimary549 pupilsCATHOLIC549 m
Dun Laoghaire ETNS
primary177 pupilsMulti Denominational803 m
Red Door Special School
primary29 pupilsOther/Unknown803 m
HOLY FAMILY SCHOOL
primary149 pupilsCatholic887 m
SCOIL LORCÁIN
primary485 pupilsCatholic917 m
CLOCHAR SAN DOMINIC
primary184 pupilsCatholic933 m

Stops 32 · routes 111, 4, 7, 702, 7A, 7E, 7n, DART, E2, L25, L27, S8

Salthill and Monkstown
DART126 m
Grosvenor Terrace
7, 7A, 7n, S8138 m
Monkstown Crescent
7, 702, 7A, 7n, S8186 m
Grosvenor Terrace
7, 7A, 7E, S8197 m
Monkstown Road
7, 702, 7A, 7E, S8240 m
De Vesci Terrace
7, 7n, S8373 m
Albany Avenue
7, 7A, 7n, S8419 m
De Vesci Park
7, 7A, 7E, S8440 m

Sources: gtfs, schools · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:16

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16	open
schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41	open

Sources used in this report

Section	Source	Licence	Fetched
Location	places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28
Parcel	parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06
Zoning	zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Constraints	constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.aca	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.nha	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.rps	CC-BY-4.0 (Fingal); public/attribution, unconfirmed (DLR)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.sac	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.spa	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Rzlt	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23
Planning	npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38
Appeals	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Commencements	bcms	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 23:29
Sales	cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14
Sales	ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	12 Sept 2026, 20:31
Consultations	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Council items	moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48
Capacity	esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable, flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42
Public land	lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43
Projects	social_housing	CC-BY-SA-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 20:13
Amenities	gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16
Amenities	schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41
Deadlines	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Deadlines	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Deadlines	moderngov	public	12 Sept 2026, 21:48
Deadlines	npad	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 20:38
Deadlines	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Generated 12 Sept 2026, 22:19 from the Planning Register store. Nothing on this page was fetched live: every figure was already in the store with the fetch time shown. Deadlines are derived from published receipt and decision dates under the Planning and Development Act 2000; confirm with the planning authority before relying on them.

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