Site report · 1000 m radius · generated 15 Sept 2026, 01:30

Cowper Downs, Dublin

Eircode —Coordinates 53.31805, -6.26195Local authority Dublin City Council

Applications only for this county. Appeals, zoning, RZLT and consultations: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown and Fingal only for now.

What closes soonest 3 open windows

Judicial review window closes 18 Sept 20263 days left
Grant permission with revised conditions
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (24 Jul 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 593 m away
Judicial review window closes 14 Oct 202629 days left
Application for leave to appeal refused
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (19 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 715 m away
Judicial review window closes 20 Oct 202635 days left
Grant permission
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (25 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 738 m away

Sources: acp, consult, moderngov, npad, rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open
moderngov	public	14 Sept 2026, 21:51	open
npad	CC-BY-4.0	14 Sept 2026, 20:39	open
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Where this is

Settlement: Dublin city and suburbs
Electoral division: Rathmines West C
Local electoral area: Kimmage-Rathmines
Local authority: Dublin City Council
Parcel: Tailte Éireann 5504326 (freehold), 3.79 ha

Census 2022, small area 268134004

432

people

115

households

122

dwellings

49.6% owner-occupied, 41.7% privately rented, 0% social. Vacancy 4.1%.

Sources: places, parcels · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 21:28

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28	open
parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06	open

Zoning evaluated against the point

S5 — Sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure development plan 2022 2028 · 14 Dec 2022 – 31 Dec 2028

Z15: Community and Social Infrastructure: To protect and provide for community uses and social infrastructure.

What that means: Reserved for the schools, creches, community and health facilities a neighbourhood needs.

Source: zoning · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Designations and constraints within 1000 m

No OPW CFRAM/NIFM flood extent within 1000 m.

Designation	Count	Examples
Radon risk area	1	About 1 in 20 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels
Recorded monument	5	Castle - unclassified; Enclosure; R149463

Sources: constraints, constraints.radon, constraints.smr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:11

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open

Residential Zoned Land Tax

This site is not on the current draft or final RZLT map.

Source: rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Planning applications 899 in 5 years within 1.0 km

Recent decisions and applications

396

Grant permission

241

Application declared inva

Application declared invalid

Refuse permission

5, Kenilworth Road, Dublin 6, D06 FC96 Registered Application
PROTECTED STRUCTURE (RPS Ref. 4069): RETENTION permission for an existing detached single-storey flat roof garden shed to the rear of the property for ancillary domestic storage.
WEB2843/26received 24 Jul 2026829 m away
38 Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06E4H3 Registered Application
Development at existing two storey building (dwelling above shop), as follows: - Modifications to shopfront. - Internal layout modifications including new lift. - New 107 sq.m. extension to dwelling, as follows: 12 sq.m. at 1st floor level, new 85 sq.m. 2nd floor level, and 10 sq.m. roof level plant / w.c. area and 33 sq.m. roof terrace between two mono-pitch roof elements (including veluxes to rear and solar panels to front).
WEB2852/26received 24 Jul 2026959 m away
Cranford, 125 Rathgar Road, Rathgar, Dublin, D06 W2C3 Application declared invalid
PROTECTED STRUCTURE: a) the demolition of the existing garden shed to the rear of the existing annexe building to the side (North) of the main house b) the refurbishment of the existing annexe building to include an apex rooflight and roof mounted solar panels c) a single storey brick extension to the rear (East) of the annexe building with roof terrace at first floor level connected to the existing annexe with a two storey glazed link all to accommodate living space, two bedrooms, a study, bathrooms, a shed and a covered bike store at ground floor level within the curtilage of Cranford, 125 Rathgar Road, Rathgar, Dublin 6, D06 W2C3, a protected structure. The development will include all associated landscaping, drainage and site development works.
WEB2803/26received 21 Jul 2026decided 23 Jul 2026663 m away
Site to the rear of no. 26 Richmond Hill, and fronting onto Mountpleasant Avenue Upper, Ranelagh, Dublin 6 Registered Application
Permission for development consisting demolition of the existing garage building (47m2) and construction of a detached 2-storey 1-no. bedroom Duplex Apartment of 54m2 with 3no. roof lights and first floor balcony (5m2) to the rear with associated site works, bin store, bicycle parking and landscaping to rear terrace.
WEB2782/26received 17 Jul 2026974 m away
Cranford, 125 Rathgar Road, Rathgar, Dublin, D06 W2C3 Application declared invalid
PROTECTED STRUCTURE: a) the demolition of the existing garden shed to the rear of the existing annexe building to the side (North) of the main house b) the refurbishment of the existing annexe building to include an apex rooflight and roof mounted solar panels c) a single storey brick extension to the rear (East) of the annexe building with roof terrace at first floor level connected to the existing annexe with a two storey glazed link all to accommodate living space, two bedrooms, a study, bathrooms, a shed and a covered bike store at ground floor level within the curtilage of Cranford, 125 Rathgar Road, Rathgar, Dublin 6, D06 W2C3, a protected structure. The development will include all associated landscaping, drainage and site development works.
WEB2713/26received 9 Jul 2026decided 14 Jul 2026663 m away
73 Grosvenor Road, Rathmines, Dublin 6, D06 KX81 Registered Application
RETENTION PERMISSION: The development consists of the construction of a timber fence in the front garden along the (north-western) side boundary.
WEB2691/26received 8 Jul 2026517 m away
No. 2 The Elms, Richmond Avenue South, Dublin 6, D06K5X4 Application declared invalid
PROTECTED STRUCTURE: Permission for a development consisting of the renovation of an existing 2 storey coach house formerly within the curtilage of a protected structure comprising the replacement of existing modern windows and doors with new, removal of existing modern roof lights with new glass apex roof light, alteration to existing internal partitions at ground and first floor levels to accommodate new layout. Refurbishment and repairs to existing coach house to include repointing of the external stone walling, reslating, repairs to flashings and cast iron rain water goods and/or replacement with new cast iron rain water goods. Demolition of attached single storey garage and replacement with the construction of a two storey extension to the west of the existing coach house and a single storey extension to the south of the existing coach house. Provision of pv/solar panels to roof of the extension. Construction of a single storey domestic shed to the northwest corner of the garden. Construction of stone boundary wall to replace a temporary timber fence to the south boundary. Provision of a vehicular turn table to the north of the existing coach house. Associated landscaping, steel gate posts and gates along the boundary to the northeast of the existing coach house, site works and services all within the boundaries of the coach house
WEB2673/26received 7 Jul 2026decided 8 Jul 2026881 m away
Oak Mews, 70, Charleville Close, Rathmines, Dublin 6, D06 DV20 Registered Application
Amendments to planning references 4074/19 and 3298/20 comprising internal alterations at first floor level; the construction of a zinc clad box dormer; and the installation of 1no. rooflight to the front elevation.
WEB2660/26received 3 Jul 2026666 m away
Oak Mews, 70 Charleville Close, Dublin 6, D06 DV20 Application declared invalid
Amendments to planning references 4074/19 and 3298/20 comprising internal alterations at first floor level; the construction of a zinc clad box dormer; and the installation of 1no. Rooflight to the front elevation.
WEB2638/26received 2 Jul 2026decided 3 Jul 2026666 m away
No. 2 The Elms, Richmond Avenue South, Dublin 6 Application declared invalid
PROTECTED STRUCTURE: Permission for a development consisting of the renovation of an existing 2 storey coach house formerly within the curtilage of a protected structure comprising the replacement of existing modern windows and doors with new, removal of existing modern roof lights with new glass apex roof light, alteration to existing internal partitions at ground and first floor levels to accommodate new layout. Refurbishment and repairs to existing coach house to include repointing of the external stone walling, reslating, repairs to flashings and cast iron rain water goods and/or replacement with new cast iron rain water goods. Demolition of attached single storey garage and replacement with the construction of a two storey extension to the west of the existing coach house and a single storey extension to the south of the existing coach house. Provision of pv/solar panels to roof of the extension. Construction of a single storey domestic shed to the northwest corner of the garden. Construction of stone boundary wall to replace a temporary timber fence to the south boundary. Provision of a vehicular turn table to the north of the existing coach house. Associated landscaping, steel gate posts and gates along the boundary to the northeast of the existing coach house, site works and services all within the boundaries of the coach house.
WEB2641/26received 2 Jul 2026decided 6 Jul 2026881 m away

`description` is truncated at source (80 chars for DLR, 70 for Fingal) and `applicant` is null nationally — NPAD publishes neither in full.

Source: npad · fetched 14 Sept 2026, 20:39

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
npad	CC-BY-4.0	14 Sept 2026, 20:39	open

Appeals 124 in 5 years within 1.0 km

ACP 502012 on WEB2434/26 Open
received 28 Aug 2026300 m away
ACP 501225 on WEB5857/25 Granted
received 23 Apr 2026decided 25 Aug 2026738 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501756 on WEB2816/25 Refused
received 23 Jul 2026decided 19 Aug 2026715 m away
ACP 501916 on WEB2434/26 Pending
received 18 Aug 2026300 m away
ACP 501799 on WEB2816/25 Pending
received 30 Jul 2026715 m away
ACP 501100 on 5010/26 Granted with conditions
received 2 Apr 2026decided 24 Jul 2026593 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501723 on WEB2063/26 Open
received 20 Jul 2026628 m away
ACP 501001 on WEB6001/25 Refused
received 18 Mar 2026decided 14 Jul 2026864 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501689 on WEB1918/26 Pending
received 9 Jul 2026865 m away
ACP 501685 on WEB5896/25 Pending
received 8 Jul 2026976 m away

Source: acp · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open

Commencement notices 222 in 3 years within 1.0 km

76 Kenilworth Square East, Dublin 6, D06 FK63 — Opt out commencement notice
28 Sept 2026CN0147766DCWEB2531/25828 m away
43 Dartry Road, Dublin 6, D06 Y9P4 — Opt out commencement notice
22 Sept 2026CN0147661DCWEB2581/24828 m away
3 Temple Road, Dublin 6, D06 V586 — Short commencement notice
18 Sept 2026CN0147449DCWEB1478/26750 m away
15 Palmerston Road, Dublin 6, D06 H2C0 — Short commencement notice
14 Sept 2026CN0147234DCWEB6087/25155 m away
37/39 Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06 W9E4 — Seven day notice
7 Sept 2026SN0014729DCWEB1835/26914 m away
40 Rathgar Road, Rathgar, Dublin 6, D06W5K8 — Short commencement notice
7 Sept 2026CN0147038DCWEB5800/25551 m away
12 Anna Villa, Dublin 6, D06 ED79 — Short commencement notice
31 Aug 2026CN0146659DC2153/26882 m away
122 Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06 W2T3 — Opt out commencement notice
25 Aug 2026CN0146545DCWEB2062/26995 m away
Palmerston Park, Dublin, Dublin 6, D06 W226 — Short commencement notice
24 Aug 2026CN0146513DC4367/23570 m away
Leinster Road, Dublin 6 — Opt out commencement notice
24 Aug 2026CN0146494DCWEB1126/25856 m away

One notice can cover many buildings — count notices, never building rows, or a single multi-unit scheme reads as a trend (T11).

Source: bcms · fetched 14 Sept 2026, 23:44

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
bcms	CC-BY-4.0	14 Sept 2026, 23:44	open

Sales 1091 in 36 months within 1.0 km

€770,000

median price

€8,419/m²

median €/m²

1091

sales

286

rooftop-geocoded

609

with listing detail

new builds

€6,493 – €87,391,183, 15 Sept 2023 to 2 Sept 2026.

Address	Sold	Price	Asking	Type	Beds	m²	€/m²	BER	Dist.
4 PARK HALL, MOUNT ST ANNES, MILLTOWN DUBLIN 6	2 Sept 2026	€560,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
11 VICTORIA ROAD, RATHGAR, DUBLIN 6	31 Aug 2026	€1,965,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
19 NORTHBROOK WALK, RANELAGH, DUBLIN 6	28 Aug 2026	€850,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
12 AUBURN VILLAS, RATHGAR, DUBLIN	28 Aug 2026	€315,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
21 SANDYFORD RD, RANELAGH, DUBLIN 6	27 Aug 2026	€2,200,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
101 SANDFORD RD, RANELAGH, DUBLIN 6	27 Aug 2026	€1,250,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
1 EASTMORE, BUSHY PARK RD, RATHGAR DUBLIN 6	27 Aug 2026	€580,000	€550,000	Apartment	2	69.7	8,321	—	325 m
2 CREMORNE, TERENURE RD EAST, DUBLIN 6	27 Aug 2026	€410,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
55 CULLENSWOOD HOUSE, NORTHBROOK AVE, RANELAGH	27 Aug 2026	€250,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m
STUDIO NO 1, 43 RATHMINES ROAD UPPER, RATHMINES	26 Aug 2026	€1,650,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	325 m

PPR addresses are geocoded, not surveyed — a sale's position is as good as its address match (`rooftop_n` says how many are address-accurate). Beds, floor area, BER and asking price come from the matched daft.ie advertisement, not from the Register, and only where a match was found (`enriched_n`).

Sources: cara_listings, daft_gateway, ppr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 20:14

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14	open
daft_gateway	Third-party advertisement data read from daft.ie's own JSON gateway. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (the licensed PSP's name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers, profile images and all media URLs are dropped at fetch time and never written down. Vendor and buyer identities are not in this data.	14 Sept 2026, 22:12	open
ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	14 Sept 2026, 20:32	open

Consultations 4 matched by place

Public Participation in the Identification of New Bathing Waters 10 days left
closes 25 Sept 2026Dublin City Councilcounty-wide
iMEND 1 - Portobello Community Engagement 17 days left
closes 2 Oct 2026Dublin City Councillocality-wide
Lansdowne Valley Park Active Travel Scheme 23 days left
closes 8 Oct 2026Dublin City Councilcounty-wide
Dublin District Heating Project Part 8 36 days left
closes 21 Oct 2026Dublin City Councillocality-wide

Source: consult · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Council items 10 in 24 months

Planning and Development Matters 128 - 135 i. Proposed 10-year Lease for Café Unit at the junction of Fenian Street / Holles Street, Dublin 2 to J Cafes Hospitality Limited ii. Proposed 5 year Lease to Dublin Bus at Toilet Block at Palmerston Park, Dublin 6
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20265Dublin City Council
Questions to the Chief Executive 14.09.26
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20268.Dublin City Council
Motions 14.09.26
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20267.Dublin City Council
Environment and Transportation Matters
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20264.Dublin City Council
Minutes of the South East Area Committee Meeting held on 13.07.26
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20263.Dublin City Council
Planning and Development Matters
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20265.Dublin City Council
Housing Delivery Presentation
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20262.Dublin City Council
South East Area Matters
South East Area Committee14 Sept 20266.Dublin City Council
Report No. 180/2026 of the Executive Manager (D. O`Connor) - With reference to the proposed grant of a further 3-year Licence of the Tea Room at Harolds Cross Park to Nosh-Ington Park Ltd t/a Noshington.
Monthly Council Meeting7 Sept 20268(b)Dublin City Council
Election of Vice Chairperson
South East Area Committee13 Jul 20262.Dublin City Council

Source: moderngov · fetched 14 Sept 2026, 21:51

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
moderngov	public	14 Sept 2026, 21:51	open

Capacity and public land

No publishable utility-capacity record within the radius. 59 records from Esb substation withheld: source licence forbids redistribution; see the operator's own register.

Public land (LDA register of relevant lands)

Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.37 hafolio DN86950F313 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
An Post — Dublin city and suburbs
0.17 hafolio DN96978F409 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Railway Procurement Agency — Dublin city and suburbs
0.53 hafolio DN145725L518 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Railway Procurement Agency — Dublin city and suburbs
0.2 hafolio DN145725L532 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Railway Procurement Agency — Dublin city and suburbs
0.29 hafolio DN145725L586 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Railway Procurement Agency — Dublin city and suburbs
0.62 hafolio DN115757L598 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
1.17 hafolio DN223061F617 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Railway Procurement Agency — Dublin city and suburbs
0.33 hafolio DN145725L682 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023

Sources: esbn, lda_lands · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 16:42

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable — shown as a flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42	open
lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43	open

Schools and public transport within 1.0 km

Schools

KILDARE PLACE N S
primary189 pupilsChurch Of Ireland124 m
S N BRIGHDE
primary358 pupilsCatholic529 m
Gaelscoil Lios na nOg
primary188 pupilsCatholic572 m
St Louis High School
postprimary690 pupilsCATHOLIC675 m
St. Louis National School
primary590 pupilsCatholic825 m
Gonzaga College
postprimary576 pupilsCATHOLIC847 m
Sandford Park School Ltd
postprimary437 pupilsINTER DENOMINATIONAL875 m
ST PETERS SPECIAL SCH
primary70 pupilsCatholic932 m

Stops 59 · routes 11, 14, 142, 15, 15A, 15B, 15D, 180, 44, 44D, 49n, 511, 65, 65B, 783, 80, 82, Green, S2, S4

Rathmines Close
142, 80227 m
Summerville Park
142, 80239 m
Rathmines Close
142, 80245 m
Cowper Road
80288 m
Church Ave
142309 m
Frankfort Avenue
142, 80319 m
Cowper Road West
511, 80351 m
Rathmines Rd Upr
142, 80361 m

Sources: gtfs, schools · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:16

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16	open
schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41	open

Sources used in this report

Section	Source	Licence	Fetched
Location	places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28
Parcel	parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06
Zoning	zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Constraints	constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Rzlt	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23
Planning	npad	CC-BY-4.0	14 Sept 2026, 20:39
Appeals	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Commencements	bcms	CC-BY-4.0	14 Sept 2026, 23:44
Sales	cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14
Sales	daft_gateway	Third-party advertisement data read from daft.ie's own JSON gateway. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (the licensed PSP's name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers, profile images and all media URLs are dropped at fetch time and never written down. Vendor and buyer identities are not in this data.	14 Sept 2026, 22:12
Sales	ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	14 Sept 2026, 20:32
Consultations	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Council items	moderngov	public	14 Sept 2026, 21:51
Capacity	esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable, flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42
Public land	lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43
Projects	social_housing	CC-BY-SA-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 20:13
Amenities	gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16
Amenities	schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41
Deadlines	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Deadlines	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Deadlines	moderngov	public	14 Sept 2026, 21:51
Deadlines	npad	CC-BY-4.0	14 Sept 2026, 20:39
Deadlines	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Generated 15 Sept 2026, 01:30 from the Planning Register store. Nothing on this page was fetched live: every figure was already in the store with the fetch time shown. Deadlines are derived from published receipt and decision dates under the Planning and Development Act 2000; confirm with the planning authority before relying on them.

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