PlanningRegister.ie
Site report · 1000 m radius · generated 15 Sept 2026, 00:58

Charlemont Place

Eircode Coordinates 53.33134, -6.25954Local authority Dublin City Council
Applications only for this county. Appeals, zoning, RZLT and consultations: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown and Fingal only for now.

What closes soonest 6 open windows

  • Judicial review window closes 18 Sept 20264 days left
    Grant permission with revised conditions
    8 weeks from the Commission's decision (24 Jul 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 881 m away
  • Judicial review window closes 30 Sept 202616 days left
    Invalid - fee S.127(1)(f)
    8 weeks from the Commission's decision (5 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 341 m away
  • Judicial review window closes 1 Oct 202617 days left
    Grant permission
    8 weeks from the Commission's decision (6 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 542 m away
  • Consultation closes 2 Oct 202617 days left
    iMEND 1 - Portobello Community Engagement
    as published by the council (7 Sept 2026) · council consultation portal · 761 m away
  • Judicial review window closes 14 Oct 202630 days left
    Application for leave to appeal refused
    8 weeks from the Commission's decision (19 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 760 m away
  • Judicial review window closes 23 Oct 202639 days left
    Grant permission with conditions
    8 weeks from the Commission's decision (28 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 305 m away
Sources: acp, consult, moderngov, npad, rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
acpCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:05open
consultpublic12 Sept 2026, 02:04open
moderngovpublic14 Sept 2026, 21:51open
npadCC-BY-4.014 Sept 2026, 20:39open
rzltCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:23open

Where this is

Settlement
Dublin city and suburbs
Electoral division
Saint Kevin's
Local electoral area
South East Inner City
Local authority
Dublin City Council

Census 2022, small area 268142023

296
people
80
households
88
dwellings

8.8% owner-occupied, 85% privately rented, 1.2% social. Vacancy 5.7%.

Sources: places, parcels · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 21:28
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
placesCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 21:28open
parcelsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:06open

Zoning evaluated against the point

DCC_DP_OWN ·

Zone Z4 - DEV PLAN 2022-2028

M3 — Neighbourhood centre development plan 2022 2028 · 14 Dec 202231 Dec 2028

Z4: Key Urban Villages/Urban Villages: To provide for and improve mixed-services facilities.

What that means: A local centre: shops, services and apartments over them, serving the surrounding housing.

Source: zoning · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
zoningCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 02:04open

Designations and constraints within 1000 m

No OPW CFRAM/NIFM flood extent within 1000 m.

DesignationCountExamples
Natural Heritage Area (incl. proposed)1Grand Canal
NIAH-recorded building1055house; house; house
Radon risk area1About 1 in 20 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels
Recorded monument54Gateway; Church; Cross - Market cross
Sources: constraints, constraints.nha, constraints.niah, constraints.radon, constraints.smr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:11
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
constraintsmixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)11 Sept 2026, 19:11open
constraints.nhaCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11open
constraints.niahCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11open
constraints.radonCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11open
constraints.smrCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11open

Residential Zoned Land Tax

This site is not on the current draft or final RZLT map.

Source: rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:23
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
rzltCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:23open

Planning applications 1102 in 5 years within 1.0 km

Recent decisions and applications

487
Grant permission
245
Application declared inva
113
Refuse permission
92
Application declared invalid
  • 9 Grantham Street, Saint Kevin's, Dublin 8, D08 H76H Registered Application
    PROTECTED STRUCTURE: The development will consist of internal and external alterations and extension to the rear of the Protected Structure. External alterations will consist of amending the size and location of window and door openings to the rear return, creating a new window opening to the gable of the rear return and construction of a new single-storey extension (8sqm) to the rear at garden level. Internal alterations will consist of amendments to the layout of partitions to the garden level of the rear return and associated refurbishment works.
    WEB2877/26received 29 Jul 2026626 m away
  • 25-28 and 28-31 Adelaide Road,, Dublin 2., The site also fronts onto Charlemont Place to the south. Registered Application
    Westlink Florian Devco Limited intend to apply for planning permission at 25-28 and 29-31 Adelaide Road, Dublin 2. The site also fronts onto Charlemont Place to the south. The proposed development consists of amendments to the development permitted under DCC Reg. Ref.: 4816/22. The proposed amendments consist of the following: • Replacement of permitted bicycle stair access to basement, with two bicycle lifts at an updated location to Charlemont Place; • Relocation of permitted café on Charlemont Place to a position further east along the southern elevation. The café will decrease from 151 sqm (permitted) to 119 sqm (proposed); • Building line amended at north and south atrium entrances and at 5th floor level northwest corner; • Omission of small south facing terraces and replacement with double height atrium amenity spaces; • Changes to permitted terraces on 6th & 7th floor to refine the building massing, including increase to size of northwest terrace at 6th floor level only, omission of small west terraces, reduction in length of east terraces and omission of north terrace at 7th floor level; • Revisions to elevational treatment of facades at the upper two floors; • Revision to plant screen height; • Internal reconfiguration of building layout including reception area, atrium and cores and; • All associated and consequential amendments to the permitted scheme. There is an increase of 26 sqm of gross floor area from the permitted development.
    WEB2871/26received 28 Jul 2026219 m away
  • 20A Mountpleasant Avenue Lower, Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06 WP82 Registered Application
    The development will consist of : The proposed partial demolition of and alterations to the existing front workspace ; the proposed construction of a new glazed link connecting the front workspace, basement and main dwelling ; the proposed enclosure of the existing basement courtyard ; alterations to bin storage and the front gate ; associated internal and external alterations ; and all associated site development works.
    WEB2874/26received 28 Jul 2026404 m away
  • 24 Daniel Street, Portobello, Dublin 8, D08 E4P1 Registered Application
    The demolition of the existing single-storey rear annex, the construction of a new two-storey flat-roofed extension to the rear of the existing dwelling, an increase in the existing ridge height, the provision of three no. rooflights to the pitched and flat roof surfaces, internal renovations to the existing dwelling including alterations to the existing ground-floor level, minor elevational amendments and all associated works at 24 Daniel Street, Portobello, Dublin 8, D08 E4P1.
    WEB2851/26received 24 Jul 2026920 m away
  • 38 Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06E4H3 Registered Application
    Development at existing two storey building (dwelling above shop), as follows: - Modifications to shopfront. - Internal layout modifications including new lift. - New 107 sq.m. extension to dwelling, as follows: 12 sq.m. at 1st floor level, new 85 sq.m. 2nd floor level, and 10 sq.m. roof level plant / w.c. area and 33 sq.m. roof terrace between two mono-pitch roof elements (including veluxes to rear and solar panels to front).
    WEB2852/26received 24 Jul 2026693 m away
  • 41 Warner's Lane, Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06 YH50 Registered Application
    PERMISSION & RETENTION; We Aisling & Tadhg Grimley, intend to apply for Planning Retention Permission at 41 Warner's Lane, Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06 YH50 for changes made during construction from the planning permission granted under PA. 3554/98 1. On West Elevation / Rear Elevation – The brick chimney has been removed from the gable and relocated internally. The chimney is not located at the centre of the apex and is positioned to the left of the apex to the rear, behind the parapet wall. The brick soldier course over the windows and doors has been removed. 2. On East Elevation / Front Elevation – The blockwork peak over the front wall above the garage door has been omitted. A flat roof is now present in this location in lieu of the previously indicated peaked roof. The brick soldier course over the windows and doors has been removed. The front wall has been reduced in height. The double doors to the front elevation have been altered to a single door with reduced height. A porch has been constructed to the front elevation. 3. On South Elevation / Left Elevation – The omission of the blockwork peak over the front wall above the garage door is visible from the side elevations, with a flat roof now present in this location. The glazing over the courtyard/ staircase area has changed, being only partially glazed. 4. On North Elevation / Right Elevation – The omission of the blockwork peak over the front wall above the garage door is visible from the side elevations, with a flat roof now present in this location. The rooflight shown on the original planning drawings has been omitted and was not constructed on site. 5. The Roof – The glazing over the courtyard / staircase area has changed. This area is now only partially glazed. A flat roof is present over the front garage / entrance wall area in lieu of the previously granted peaked roof. The rooflight shown on the original planning drawings has not been constructed. 6. With connection to existing services and all associated site works.
    WEB2833/26received 23 Jul 2026380 m away
  • 24, Daniel Street, Portobello, Dublin 8, D08 E4P1 Application declared invalid
    The demolition of the existing single-storey rear annex, the construction of a new two-storey flat-roofed extension to the rear of the existing dwelling, an increase in the existing ridge height, the provision of three no. rooflights to the pitched and flat roof surfaces, internal renovations to the existing dwelling including alterations to the existing ground-floor level, minor elevational amendments and all associated works at 24 Daniel Street, Portobello, Dublin 8, D08 E4P1.
    WEB2804/26received 22 Jul 2026decided 23 Jul 2026920 m away
  • Site to the rear of no. 26 Richmond Hill, and fronting onto Mountpleasant Avenue Upper, Ranelagh, Dublin 6 Registered Application
    Permission for development consisting demolition of the existing garage building (47m2) and construction of a detached 2-storey 1-no. bedroom Duplex Apartment of 54m2 with 3no. roof lights and first floor balcony (5m2) to the rear with associated site works, bin store, bicycle parking and landscaping to rear terrace.
    WEB2782/26received 17 Jul 2026514 m away
  • 90B, Waterloo Lane, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4 Registered Application
    PROTECTED STRUCTURE: Permission is sought for extension, alteration and removal works including a single storey flat roof with rooflights infill extension of the existing roof terrace to provide a new ensuite and walk-in wardrobe space. Works include 2 no. new rooflights, high level windows to the west and south facing elevations, removal of existing chimney and raising of parapet along the east shared side boundary wall and partly to the north, in line with the existing parapet height; all on the second floor. Also comprising of an internal infill extension to the first floor lightwell void with a structural glass floor providing new double height office space, including all internal alteration and associated works to 90b Waterloo Lane, Ballsbridge, Dublin D04T2W9 by Nicolas Belley and Vannith Vay. This site (which is separated from) sits within the historic curtilage of No. No.90 Leeson Street Upper – a Protected Structure
    WEB2768/26received 16 Jul 2026852 m away
  • 24, 25 & 26 RICHMOND STREET SOUTH, SAINT KEVINS, DUBLIN 2 Registered Application
    PROTECTED STRUCTURE: Demolition of non original existing garage structures to the rear of the 3 properties; construction of 3 No. 3 bedroom, three storey townhouses fronting on to Richmond Place. No. 26 is a Protected Structure
    WEB2751/26received 15 Jul 2026292 m away

`description` is truncated at source (80 chars for DLR, 70 for Fingal) and `applicant` is null nationally — NPAD publishes neither in full.

Source: npad · fetched 14 Sept 2026, 20:39
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
npadCC-BY-4.014 Sept 2026, 20:39open

Appeals 201 in 5 years within 1.0 km

Source: acp · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
acpCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:05open

Commencement notices 286 in 3 years within 1.0 km

  • Charlemont Square, Dublin 2, Dublin, D02 X9Y6 Commencement notice
    18 Sept 2026CN0147601DC261 m away
  • 21-24 Upper Merrion Place, Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 KF79 Commencement notice
    15 Sept 2026CN0147309DC5699/25920 m away
  • 1 Charlemont Square, Dublin, Dublin 2 Short commencement notice
    14 Sept 2026CN0147286DC252 m away
  • 18 Leeson Street Lower, Dublin 2, D02 HE97 Short commencement notice
    14 Sept 2026CN0147328DC431 m away
  • 27 Fitzwilliam Lower, Dublin 2, D02KT92 Short commencement notice
    10 Sept 2026CN0147240DCWEB2815/24993 m away
  • Hatch Street Upper, Dublin 2, D02 DY27 Short commencement notice
    8 Sept 2026CN0147172DC385 m away
  • 37/39 Ranelagh, Dublin 6, D06 W9E4 Seven day notice
    7 Sept 2026SN0014729DCWEB1835/26795 m away
  • 32 Chelmsford Road, Dublin 6, D06 FV05 Opt out commencement notice
    7 Sept 2026CN0146920DCWEB2197/26787 m away
  • 2 Adelaide Road, Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 V0R2 Short commencement notice
    27 Aug 2026CN0146571DC197 m away
  • Unit 1, Three, Wilton Park, Wilton Place, Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 HC89 Seven day notice
    27 Aug 2026SN0014683DC743 m away

One notice can cover many buildings — count notices, never building rows, or a single multi-unit scheme reads as a trend (T11).

Source: bcms · fetched 14 Sept 2026, 23:44
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
bcmsCC-BY-4.014 Sept 2026, 23:44open

Sales 272 in 36 months within 1.0 km

€625,500
median price
€8,291/m²
median €/m²
272
sales
272
rooftop-geocoded
87
with listing detail
2
new builds

€7,500€4,950,000, 28 Sept 2023 to 10 Jul 2026.

AddressSoldPriceAskingTypeBeds€/m²BERDist.
8 LOWER MOUNT PLEASANT AVE, RATHMINES, DUBLIN 610 Jul 2026€1,150,000€1,200,000House31477,823330 m
40 COLLEGE COURT, LOWER KEVIN ST, DUBLIN 88 Jul 2026€366,000€350,000Apartment2487,625D2827 m
1 COOLEVIN RD, DUBLIN 8, DUBLIN3 Jul 2026€630,000€585,000Terrace2728,750F994 m
APT 34, HARCOURT GREEN, CHARLEMONT ST DUBLIN 23 Jun 2026€335,000109 m
27 ELMWOOD AVE UPPER, RANELAGH, DUBLIN 612 May 2026€1,010,000€875,000Terrace29011,222F905 m
2/3 GARDEN VILLAS, PORTOBELLO HARBOUR, DUBLIN 81 May 2026€460,000€475,000End of Terrace2805,750F477 m
2 HARCOURT TERRACE, DUBLIN 2, DUBLIN21 Apr 2026€3,340,000€3,450,000Semi-D43768,883142 m
APARTMENT 14 PORTOBELLO HARBOUR, GROVE ROAD, DUBLIN 68 Apr 2026€490,000€385,000House1637,778C2468 m
13 LEESON VILLAGE, LEESON ST UPPER, DUBLIN 410 Mar 2026€1,245,000€1,150,000End of Terrace31587,880B3957 m
15 RATHMINES TOWN CENTRE, RATHMINES, DUBLIN 627 Feb 2026€292,000€295,000Apartment1377,892D1746 m

PPR addresses are geocoded, not surveyed — a sale's position is as good as its address match (`rooftop_n` says how many are address-accurate). Beds, floor area, BER and asking price come from the matched daft.ie advertisement, not from the Register, and only where a match was found (`enriched_n`).

Sources: cara_listings, daft_gateway, ppr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 20:14
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
cara_listingsThird-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.11 Sept 2026, 20:14open
daft_gatewayThird-party advertisement data read from daft.ie's own JSON gateway. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (the licensed PSP's name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers, profile images and all media URLs are dropped at fetch time and never written down. Vendor and buyer identities are not in this data.14 Sept 2026, 22:12open
pprPSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'14 Sept 2026, 20:32open

Consultations 4 matched by place

Source: consult · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
consultpublic12 Sept 2026, 02:04open

Council items 10 in 24 months

Source: moderngov · fetched 14 Sept 2026, 21:51
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
moderngovpublic14 Sept 2026, 21:51open

Capacity and public land

No publishable utility-capacity record within the radius. 189 records from Esb substation withheld: source licence forbids redistribution; see the operator's own register.

Public land (LDA register of relevant lands)

  • Railway Procurement AgencyDublin city and suburbs
    0.13 hafolio DN124310L102 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
  • The Office of Public WorksDublin city and suburbs
    0.41 hafolio DN165257L140 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
  • The Office of Public WorksDublin city and suburbs
    0.49 hafolio DN221949F140 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
  • Dublin City CouncilDublin city and suburbs
    0.19 hafolio DN206124F168 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
  • Health Service ExecutiveDublin city and suburbs
    1.31 ha212 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
  • Dublin City CouncilDublin city and suburbs
    0.79 hafolio DN199719F232 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
  • Dublin City CouncilDublin city and suburbs
    0.11 hafolio DN206123F232 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
  • The Office of Public WorksDublin city and suburbs
    0.26 ha237 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Sources: esbn, lda_lands · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 16:42
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
esbnall-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable — shown as a flag only11 Sept 2026, 16:42open
lda_landsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 16:43open

Schools and public transport within 1.0 km

Schools

  • HARCOURT TERRACE EDUCATE TOGETHER NATIONAL SCHOOL
    primary294 pupilsMulti Denominational156 m
  • Catholic University School
    postprimary544 pupilsCATHOLIC503 m
  • RANELAGH MULTI DENOM NS
    primary221 pupilsMulti Denominational520 m
  • SANCTA MARIA C B S
    primary103 pupilsCatholic560 m
  • Christian Brothers, Synge St.
    postprimary256 pupilsCATHOLIC626 m
  • Loreto College
    postprimary588 pupilsCATHOLIC647 m
  • St. Mary's College C.S.Sp., Rathmines
    postprimary500 pupilsCATHOLIC647 m
  • St. Louis National School
    primary590 pupilsCatholic919 m

Stops 98 · routes 101X, 103X, 105X, 109, 109B, 109X, 11, 111, 111X, 115X, 116, 118, 11B, 120A, 122, 125, 126U, 133, 14, 142, 15, 15A, 15B, 15D, 16, 16D, 179, 180, 181, 193, 194, 32X, 33D, 37, 38, 38A, 38B, 38D, 39, 39A, 39X, 41X, 44, 44D, 46n, 49n, 511, 51D, 65, 65B, 68, 68A, 70, 700, 740, 740A, 740X, 77X, 783, 7B, 7D, 80, 82, 845, 847, 910, E1, E2, F1, F2, F3, Green, NX, S2, X1, X2, X25, X26, X27, X28, X30, X31, X32

  • Charlemont
    Green78 m
  • Charlemont
    Green101 m
  • Charlemont Street
    44, 44D139 m
  • Harcourt Street
    142, 44, 44D, 82157 m
  • Charlemont Street
    44, 44D191 m
  • Northbrook Road
    44, 44D275 m
  • Ranelagh Road
    44, 44D298 m
  • Richmond St South
    14, 142, 15, 15A, 15B, 15D, 49n, 65, 65B, 80, 82324 m
Sources: gtfs, schools · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:16
SourceLicenceFetchedLink
gtfsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:16open
schoolsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 16:41open

Sources used in this report

SectionSourceLicenceFetched
LocationplacesCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 21:28
ParcelparcelsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:06
ZoningzoningCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 02:04
Constraintsconstraintsmixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraintsconstraints.nhaCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraintsconstraints.niahCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraintsconstraints.radonCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraintsconstraints.smrCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:11
RzltrzltCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:23
PlanningnpadCC-BY-4.014 Sept 2026, 20:39
AppealsacpCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:05
CommencementsbcmsCC-BY-4.014 Sept 2026, 23:44
Salescara_listingsThird-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.11 Sept 2026, 20:14
Salesdaft_gatewayThird-party advertisement data read from daft.ie's own JSON gateway. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (the licensed PSP's name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers, profile images and all media URLs are dropped at fetch time and never written down. Vendor and buyer identities are not in this data.14 Sept 2026, 22:12
SalespprPSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'14 Sept 2026, 20:32
Consultationsconsultpublic12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Council itemsmoderngovpublic14 Sept 2026, 21:51
Capacityesbnall-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable, flag only11 Sept 2026, 16:42
Public landlda_landsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 16:43
Projectssocial_housingCC-BY-SA-4.011 Sept 2026, 20:13
AmenitiesgtfsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 19:16
AmenitiesschoolsCC-BY-4.011 Sept 2026, 16:41
DeadlinesacpCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:05
Deadlinesconsultpublic12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Deadlinesmoderngovpublic14 Sept 2026, 21:51
DeadlinesnpadCC-BY-4.014 Sept 2026, 20:39
DeadlinesrzltCC-BY-4.012 Sept 2026, 00:23

Generated 15 Sept 2026, 00:58 from the Planning Register store. Nothing on this page was fetched live: every figure was already in the store with the fetch time shown. Deadlines are derived from published receipt and decision dates under the Planning and Development Act 2000; confirm with the planning authority before relying on them.