Thorn Chase
Homes here mostly date from the 2000s. 1 planning file on this house, the latest from 2025. Most home extensions nearby get approved (86%).
How planning works, with this area's numbers
steps can overlap · medians for home extensions within 1.5 km, 10 years- 1ApplySite notice up, plans online
- 2Comments5 weeks, €20. Comment to keep your right to appeal
- 3Decision8 weeks by law. Here 53 days
- 4Appeal window4 weeks after the decision
- 5AppealHere about 4 months
- 6PermissionLasts 5 years
- 7StartStart notice to the council. Here about 5 months after
- 8Sign-offCompletion cert, or the owner opts out
What's the planning story of this house?
When it was built, and the rules since
Most homes here were built 2001–10, under planning permission and building regulations. 1 planning file on this house, the latest from 2026.
Each line is a rule that applies to work done after it.
MeasuredEstimatecouncil register via NPAD · build years: CSO Census 2022, small area
- 2026F25A/0847E · the development will · refused 2026approvedstarted?signed off?
Zoning, protection, tax and flood: the detail
What it says
OS - Open Space: Provide recreational and amenity resources for urban and rural populations subject to strict development controls. Only community facilities and other recreational uses will be considered and encouraged by the Planning Authority.
What it says
OS - Open Space: Preserve and provide for open space and recreational amenities
Open space and recreational amenity, to be preserved as such.
the fingal development plan 2023 2029 · 5 Apr 2023 – 5 Apr 2029
Not on this site: protected building, heritage inventory, monument zone, conservation area, EU nature site, EU bird site, natural heritage area, tree order, landslide risk, derelict list.
| Within 500 m | Count | For example |
|---|---|---|
| Heritage inventory buildings | 1 | Kenure Park |
| Radon grid squares | 3 | |
| Protected buildings | 1 | Portico of Kenure Park House |
How we work this out
Sources: Development plan zoning (councils), EPA radon map, Residential Zoned Land Tax maps, Constraint layers (bundle), OPW flood maps (CFRAM), National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, Records of Protected Structures · fetched 25 Oct 2026, 23:43
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development plan zoning (councils) | CC BY 4.0 | 25 Oct 2026, 23:06 | open |
| EPA radon map | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026, 19:36 | open |
| Residential Zoned Land Tax maps | CC BY 4.0 | 25 Oct 2026, 23:43 | open |
| Constraint layers (bundle) | CC BY 4.0, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026, 19:37 | open |
| OPW flood maps (CFRAM) | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · shown as a yes/no only | 11 Sept 2026, 19:11 | open |
| National Inventory of Architectural Heritage | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026, 19:35 | open |
| Records of Protected Structures | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026, 19:36 | open |
How we work this out
Sources: Building Control Management System (commencement notices), National Planning Application Database · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Building Control Management System (commencement notices) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 02:56 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
Could you extend?
Nothing on this site restricts it: not protected, not in a conservation area.
What happened to applications like yours
Extensions are almost always approved here: 85% by type. A new house in a garden is harder: 45% approved, and 1 in 4 is asked for more information.
Decided applications within 1.5 km, received in the last 10 years. The kind of work is read from each description.
CalculatedOur classificationcouncil register via NPAD · 51 nearby, 1,612 council-wide
Extensions and refusals right beside you 4 within 250 m · 0 refused within 100 m
Extensions and refusals near you 4 extensions within 250 m · the last 12 months
| Kind | Applied | Approved | Refused |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dormer or attic | 4 | 2 | — |
On Thornchase: 1 extensions in 10 years; most common dormer or attic.
Refused within 100 m 0 in the last 12 months
Nothing refused this close in the last 12 months.
How we work this out
Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices), National Planning Application Database · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed) | CC BY 4.0 | 30 Oct 2026, 23:01 | open |
| Building Control Management System (commencement notices) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 02:56 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
How long, and what if someone objects?
A home extension's journey here
A decision takes 53 days. 1 in 4 is asked for more information, which adds about 70 days. Building starts about 5 months after permission.
Bars are medians; whiskers show the middle half. Medians of separate steps don't add up exactly.
Calculated51 decided home extensions, 17 start notices, 26 decided appeals · within 1.5 km, 10 years · NPAD, BCMS, An Coimisiún Pleanála
What appeals changed
3 of 12 appealed refusals became permissions. 1 of 15 appealed approvals were reversed.
Every appeal decided within 1.5 km in 10 years, any kind of development.
CalculatedAn Coimisiún Pleanála cases linked to the council file
Appeals nearby 2 in the last 12 months
None of 1 changed the council's decision
- 501818 Pending · Palmer Avenue, Rush, Co. Dublin · 9 m
- 500458 Refused · North Hill, Rush, Co. Dublin. · 443 m report
Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Courts Service legal diary (judicial reviews), National Planning Application Database · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed) | CC BY 4.0 | 30 Oct 2026, 23:01 | open |
| Courts Service legal diary (judicial reviews) | © the publisher | 30 Oct 2026, 23:12 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
What's changing around you?
- 1Palmer Avenue, Rush 501818
- 229 & 30 Palmer Avenue, Rush F24A/0450E
- 36.4 ha zoned for homes
- 4Palmer Road, Rush F23A/0169 & ACP 318987-24
- 51.6 ha zoned for homes
- 60.1 ha zoned for homes
- 70.5 ha zoned for homes
- 80.6 ha zoned for homes
- 90.8 ha zoned for homes
- 1088 Thorn Chase, Palmer Road F26A/0392E
- 11Lands at Palmer Road (within the townland of ‘Rush Demesne’), east of F26A/0673E
- 1231 Ravenswell, Rush F26A/0830E
- 1319 Palmer Court, Palmer Road F26A/0122E
- 14Site on Palmer Avenue, Rush F26A/0519E
What happens to applications within 500 m
Permission isn't building. Of 38 permissions since 2016, 13 show a start notice and 2 have a completion certificate.
Purple bands are refusals turned into permissions on appeal. "No start notice found" includes small jobs that never needed one and notices we couldn't match.
Measured56 applications in 10 years · NPAD, An Coimisiún Pleanála, BCMS start notices and completion certificates
The next 30 days
Nothing closes within 500 m in the next 30 days.
Measuredcouncil registers and An Coimisiún Pleanála · deadlines worked out from the dates on file
Sites that could change 8 within 500 m
Empty land zoned for homes 8
- 36.4 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 131 m
- 51.6 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 202 m
- 60.1 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 248 m
- 70.5 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 287 m
- 80.6 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 311 m
- 90.8 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 329 m
- 0.5 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 396 m
- 5.1 ha zoned for homes · no homes built on it yet · 491 m
Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices), Derelict sites registers, Council meetings (ModernGov), National Planning Application Database, Residential Zoned Land Tax maps · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed) | CC BY 4.0 | 30 Oct 2026, 23:01 | open |
| Building Control Management System (commencement notices) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 02:56 | open |
| Derelict sites registers | CC BY 4.0 | 26 Oct 2026, 23:09 | open |
| Council meetings (ModernGov) | Public | 31 Oct 2026, 02:21 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
| Residential Zoned Land Tax maps | CC BY 4.0 | 25 Oct 2026, 23:43 | open |
Applications within 500 m, by year
Between 8 and 13 a year; busiest 2023. 76% of decisions were approvals.
2021 and 2026 are part years (*). Exemption requests and time extensions are left out.
Measuredcouncil register via NPAD
Every application within 500 m 6 in the last 12 months
See every application on the map
- 1231 Ravenswell, Rush, Co. Dublin, K56 H288 No decision yetPlanning Permission for conversion of existing attic space comprising of modification of existing roof…
- 11Lands at Palmer Road (within the townland of ‘Rush Demesne’), east of No decision yetPermission for development at this (c. 1.22 Ha) site comprising two pa
- 14Site on Palmer Avenue, Rush, Co. Dublin, to the south of Green Oaks, P No decision yetThe development will consist of (a) the construction of a 212 sq.m par
- 1088 Thorn Chase, Palmer Road, Rush, Co. Dublin, K56 F300 ApprovedThe development will consist of an attic conversion including a change
- 1319 Palmer Court, Palmer Road, Rush, Co. Dublin, K56 FF29 ApprovedConstruction of new two storey extension to rear, the conversion of ex
- 19 Palmer Court, Palmer Road, Rush, Co. Dublin, K56 FF29 Withdrawn or not validPlanning permission is sought for: 1/ Construction of new two storey e
How we work this out
Sources: National Planning Application Database, An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices) · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
| An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed) | CC BY 4.0 | 30 Oct 2026, 23:01 | open |
| Building Control Management System (commencement notices) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 02:56 | open |
Building work nearby 3 in the last 12 months
- Palmer Road, Rush, Dublin · 28 Oct 2026 · 39 homes · start notice not signed off · F23A/0169 & ACP REF. 318987-24 · 236 m
- 4Palmer Road, Rush, Dublin · 24 Jul 2026 · 39 homes · start notice not signed off · F23A/0169 & ACP 318987-24 · 142 m
- 229 & 30 Palmer Avenue, Rush, Fingal · 8 May 2026 · 2 homes · start notice not signed off · F24A/0450E · 94 m
How we work this out
Source: Building Control Management System (commencement notices) · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 02:56
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Building Control Management System (commencement notices) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 02:56 | open |
Homes coming 0 not started
- Lands at Palmer Road and Park Road · 40 homes · building started · 317 m
- Lands North of Palmer Road and West of Palmer Avenue · 28 homes · building started · 139 m
- Palmer Avenue · 14 homes · building started · 258 m
How we work this out
Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices), National Planning Application Database, Social housing construction status report · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed) | CC BY 4.0 | 30 Oct 2026, 23:01 | open |
| Building Control Management System (commencement notices) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 02:56 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
| Social housing construction status report | CC BY-SA 4.0 | 23 Oct 2026, 23:02 | open |
Named places nearby: estate, schemes, crèches, schools
Named places estate, developments, inspections
Estate: Thornchase · 2 applications in 10 years
Developments within 1.0 km
| Scheme | Homes | Progress | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lands North of Palmer Road and West of Palmer Avenue | 28 | 28 being built (2026-Q2) | 111 m |
| Kenure Park Road Development | 32 | 32 not started (2026-Q2) | 195 m |
| Palmer Road and Palmer Avenue | 74 | 74 not started (2025-Q4) | 201 m |
| Lands at Palmer Road and Park Road | 39 | 39 not started (2026-Q2) | 203 m |
| Park Road Development | 22 | 22 being built (2026-Q2) | 483 m |
| Goldenridge | — | — | 520 m |
| Kenure Park | — | — | 683 m |
| Upper Main Street Development | 67 | 65 built · 2 not started (2026-Q2) | 961 m |
Crèches and schools inspected
| Name | Latest inspection | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Smarty Pants Montessori Naíonra & Afterschool · Crèche | 8 Oct 2024 · report · Tusla Early Years Inspectorate | 258 m |
| Charlie's Childcare Rush · Crèche | 12 Nov 2025 · report · Tusla Early Years Inspectorate | 341 m |
How we work this out
Sources: Dublin housing delivery pipeline, Housing estates, National Planning Application Database, Department of Education school list, Tusla early years register · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dublin housing delivery pipeline | CC BY 4.0 | 26 Oct 2026, 23:00 | open |
| Housing estates | ODbL 1.0, CC BY-SA 4.0, CC BY 4.0 | 27 Oct 2026, 23:03 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
| Department of Education school list | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Oct 2026, 23:04 | open |
| Tusla early years register | Public register | 28 Oct 2026, 23:19 | open |
How busy is this area Busier than most of Fingal County Council.
How we work this out
Sources: An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed), Building Control Management System (commencement notices), National Planning Application Database · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Coimisiún Pleanála cases (ArcGIS feed) | CC BY 4.0 | 30 Oct 2026, 23:01 | open |
| Building Control Management System (commencement notices) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 02:56 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
What's the area like?
This street block against the council
73% owner-occupied (council 67%).
MeasuredCSO Census 2022, Small Area Population Statistics (CC BY 4.0) · small area 267118030
Schools, stops and the council
Schools
- Scoil Nais Caitriona · primary · 274 pupils · 289 m
- Gaelscoil Ros Eo · primary · 167 pupils · 649 m
Stops 9
- Clifflands · 33, 33A, 33E, 33X, 33n · 3/hour at peak · 361 m
- Clifflands · 33, 33A, 33X · 5/hour at peak · 361 m
- Palmer Road · 33, 33A, 33X · 5/hour at peak · 396 m
- Rush Cricket Club · 33, 33A, 33E, 33X, 33n · 3/hour at peak · 494 m
- Rush Cricket Club · 33, 33A, 33X · 5/hour at peak · 586 m
- Rush Athletic FC · 33, 33A, 33E, 33X, 33n · 3/hour at peak · 683 m
- Rush Athletic FC · 33, 33A, 33X · 5/hour at peak · 689 m
Schools growing or shrinking planning in 3 years · pupils last year
- Scoil Nais Caitriona · 289 m-1.4% pupils (274) · an extension 2024, approved
- Gaelscoil Ros Eo · 649 m+5% pupils (167)
Council meetings 30 items
- 5 Nov 2026 · Councillor J. Burtchaell - Update on Development of All-Weather Facility in Damastown Park -…
- 5 Nov 2026 · Councillor K. Relihan - Dumping of Supermarket Trolleys in Whitestown Estate - AI110653
- 4 Nov 2026 · Councillor J. Hopkins - Health Check on Trees in Racecourse Park beside the Community Hall -…
- 12 Oct 2026 · Notice of proposed wayleave at Ballough, Co. Dublin to Gas Networks Ireland, P.O. Box 51, Gasworks…
- 12 Oct 2026 · Notice of proposed disposal of land adjacent to 56 Seaview Park, Portrane, Co. Dublin to Margaret…
- 8 Oct 2026 · Councillor M. Boland - Public Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Points Rush - AI109447
- 8 Oct 2026 · Councillor M. Boland - Updated list of Taking in Charge - Rush and Lusk - AI109448
- 8 Oct 2026 · Councillor P. Mulville - Portrane Road Cycle Path - AI109737
Public land
- Fingal County Council · 0.17 ha · 0 m
- Fingal County Council · 0.24 ha · 38 m
- Other · 0.16 ha · 63 m
- Other · 0.15 ha · 107 m
Sources: Public transport stops and routes (NTA GTFS), Department of Education school list, National Planning Application Database, Council consultation portals, Council meetings (ModernGov), Land Development Agency public land register, cso_saps_2022, National Transport Authority, Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council development plan layers (CC BY 4.0), dartplus.ie project extents over NTA GTFS rail shapes (CC BY 4.0), EPA strategic noise maps, Fingal County Council · fetched 31 Oct 2026, 05:04
| Source | Licence | Fetched | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Public transport stops and routes (NTA GTFS) | CC BY 4.0 | 25 Oct 2026, 23:02 | open |
| Department of Education school list | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Oct 2026, 23:04 | open |
| National Planning Application Database | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026, 05:04 | open |
| Council consultation portals | Public | 31 Oct 2026, 01:06 | open |
| Council meetings (ModernGov) | Public | 31 Oct 2026, 02:21 | open |
| Land Development Agency public land register | CC BY 4.0 | 11 Sept 2026, 16:43 | open |
| cso_saps_2022 | CC BY 4.0 | — | open |
| National Transport Authority | CC BY 4.0 | — | — |
| Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council development plan layers (CC BY 4.0) | CC BY 4.0 | — | — |
| dartplus.ie project extents over NTA GTFS rail shapes (CC BY 4.0) | CC BY 4.0 | — | — |
| EPA strategic noise maps | CC BY 4.0 | — | — |
| Fingal County Council | CC BY 4.0 | — | — |
What to ask, and who
- The development will (F25A/0847E) refused 2026: built anyway?Seller · solicitorAsk for: The seller's answer and your surveyor's check.
- Zoned G4 (open space), not for homes: could you extend?Solicitor · plannerAsk for: A solicitor's or planner's view.
- Building work started 94 m away: for how long?Agent · councilAsk for: The planning conditions for F24A/0450E.
- Any work done without planning permission?Seller · solicitorAsk for: An opinion of compliance for the whole house.
Where this is, the terms, the sources
- Townland
- Rush Demesne
- Electoral division
- Rush
- Electoral area
- Rush-Lusk
- Council
- Fingal County Council
Everything we found, as a list 8 lines
- 1 application on this site; latest F25A/0847E, refused 2026.
- Zoned G4 (open space); not protected; no vacant land tax.
- 8 sites nearby could change: 8 empty zoned plots.
- Clifflands (bus 33, 33A) 361 m away: 5 an hour at morning peak; 15 from all stops within 500 m.
- Here (2022 census): 73% owner-occupied (council 67%); 4% of homes empty (council 5%); most built 2001–2010; 58% drive to work (council 52%); population up 12% since 2016.
- 4 home extensions within 250 m since 2026. Most were dormers or attic conversions.
- Around here the council decides in a median 55 days (about 8 weeks); 1 in 3 is asked for more information.
- Homes started within 1 km: 76 in the last year, 1 three years before.
What the terms mean 6 terms
- Vacant land tax (Residential Zoned Land Tax (RZLT)): A yearly tax of 3% of the land's value on land that is zoned for homes and serviced but left unbuilt.
- Building started (Commencement notice (BCMS)): The builder must tell the council's building control office 14 to 28 days before work starts.
- Signed off as finished (Certificate of Compliance on Completion): A certificate filed when a building is finished, confirming it meets the building regulations.
- Approved (Grant of permission): The council said yes, usually with conditions.
- Appeal (Appeal to An Coimisiún Pleanála): The applicant, or anyone who commented in time, can appeal the council's decision within four weeks.
- What the land is zoned for (Zoning objective): The council's development plan sets what each area is for: homes, shops, open space and so on.
Sources and licences 31
| Source | Publisher | Licence | Fetched |
|---|---|---|---|
| EPA strategic noise maps | — | CC BY 4.0 | — |
| Fingal County Council | — | CC BY 4.0 | — |
| Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council development plan layers (CC BY 4.0) | — | CC BY 4.0 | — |
| National Transport Authority | — | CC BY 4.0 | — |
| services-eu1.arcgis.com | An Coimisiún Pleanála | CC BY 4.0 | 30 Oct 2026 |
| data.nbco.gov.ie | National Building Control Office (BCMS) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026 |
| data.gov.ie | Various (see each layer) | CC BY 4.0, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026 |
| s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com | Office of Public Works | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · flag only | 11 Sept 2026 |
| services-eu1.arcgis.com | National Inventory of Architectural Heritage | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026 |
| gis.epa.ie | Environmental Protection Agency | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026 |
| services.arcgis.com | Local authorities (Record of Protected Structures) | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Sept 2026 |
| dlrcoco.citizenspace.com | Local authorities (consultation portals) | Public | 31 Oct 2026 |
| www2.courts.ie | — | © the publisher | 30 Oct 2026 |
| cso.ie | — | CC BY 4.0 | — |
| dartplus.ie project extents over NTA GTFS rail shapes (CC BY 4.0) | — | CC BY 4.0 | — |
| services-eu1.arcgis.com | Local authorities (derelict sites registers) | CC BY 4.0 | 26 Oct 2026 |
| services.arcgis.com | Dublin local authorities (housing delivery pipeline) | CC BY 4.0 | 26 Oct 2026 |
| esbnetworks.ie | — | © the publisher · flag only | 11 Sept 2026 |
| overpass-api.de | OpenStreetMap contributors, NHDS, Kildare County Council | ODbL 1.0, CC BY-SA 4.0, CC BY 4.0 | 27 Oct 2026 |
| transportforireland.ie | National Transport Authority | CC BY 4.0 | 25 Oct 2026 |
| lda.ie | Land Development Agency | CC BY 4.0 | 11 Sept 2026 |
| meetings.fingal.ie | Local authorities (council meetings) | Public | 31 Oct 2026 |
| services.arcgis.com | Department of Housing (National Planning Application Database) | CC BY 4.0 | 31 Oct 2026 |
| services-eu1.arcgis.com | Tailte Éireann | CC BY 4.0 | 11 Sept 2026 |
| services-eu1.arcgis.com | CSO, Tailte Éireann, OpenStreetMap contributors | CC BY 4.0 | 4 Oct 2026 |
| propertypriceregister.ie | Property Services Regulatory Authority (PPR) | © PSRA, PSI licence | 31 Oct 2026 |
| services.arcgis.com | Local authorities (RZLT maps) | CC BY 4.0 | 25 Oct 2026 |
| gov.ie | Department of Education | CC BY 4.0 | 27 Oct 2026 |
| gov.ie | Department of Housing | CC BY-SA 4.0 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| tusla.ie | Tusla (Early Years Inspectorate) | Public register | 28 Oct 2026 |
| services.arcgis.com | Local authorities via the Department of Housing (GZT / MyPlan) | CC BY 4.0 | 25 Oct 2026 |