Site report · 1000 m radius · generated 13 Sept 2026, 23:16

Walnut Park, Dublin

Eircode —Coordinates 53.37866, -6.25171Local authority Dublin City Council

Applications only for this county. Appeals, zoning, RZLT and consultations: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown and Fingal only for now.

What closes soonest 4 open windows

Judicial review window closes 22 Sept 20269 days left
Refuse permission
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (28 Jul 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 519 m away
Judicial review window closes 2 Oct 202619 days left
Refuse permission
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (7 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 804 m away
Judicial review window closes 7 Oct 202624 days left
Refuse permission
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (12 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 269 m away
Judicial review window closes 12 Oct 202629 days left
Appeal withdrawn S.140(1)(a)
8 weeks from the Commission's decision (17 Aug 2026) · s.50 Planning and Development Act 2000 · 907 m away

Sources: acp, consult, moderngov, npad, rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open
moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50	open
npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39	open
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Where this is

Settlement: Dublin city and suburbs
Electoral division: Whitehall A
Local electoral area: Artane-Whitehall
Local authority: Dublin City Council
Parcel: Tailte Éireann 2370492 (leasehold), 394 m²

Census 2022, small area 268157002

403

people

133

households

143

dwellings

80.5% owner-occupied, 17.3% privately rented, 0% social. Vacancy 5.6%.

Sources: places, parcels · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 21:28

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28	open
parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06	open

Zoning evaluated against the point

DCC_DP_OWN · — – —

Zone Z1 - DEV PLAN 2022-2028

R2 — Existing residential development plan 2022 2028 · 14 Dec 2022 – 31 Dec 2028

Z1: Sustainable Residential Neighbourhoods: To protect, provide and improve residential amenities.

What that means: An established residential area. The objective is to protect existing residential amenity as well as to provide housing — which is the objective a neighbour's objection to an overbearing extension is usually argued under.

Source: zoning · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Designations and constraints within 1000 m

No OPW CFRAM/NIFM flood extent within 1000 m.

Designation	Count	Examples
NIAH-recorded building	52	Ivy House/Patrick Carthy & Sons Public Bar; post box; Church of St. John the Baptist
Radon risk area	1	About 1 in 20 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels
Recorded monument	11	Ring-ditch; Castle - unclassified; House - 16th/17th century

Sources: constraints, constraints.niah, constraints.radon, constraints.smr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:11

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.niah	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open
constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11	open

Residential Zoned Land Tax

This site is on an RZLT map — the draft map 2027 and the final map 2026 (3.05 ha). The owner is liable for an annual 3% tax on market value while it stays there. Submissions on the draft map closed 1 Apr 2026.

Source: rzlt · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23	open

Planning applications 450 in 5 years within 1.0 km

Recent decisions and applications

219

Grant permission

111

Application declared inva

Application declared invalid

Grant retention permissio

21 Homefarm Road, Drumcondra, Dublin 9, D09 H6T1 Application declared invalid
The development will consist of the demolition and reinstatement of an existing rear garage shed and roof, the construction of a new first floor extension to the existing bedroom on the rear return, including new roof-light and solar panels, minor internal alterations and the construction of a new dormer roof extension to the existing attic conversion to the rear roof slope, new drainage connections and all ancillary site works.
5173/26received 14 Jul 2026decided 15 Jul 2026518 m away
104, Iveragh Road, Whitehall, Dublin 9 Application declared invalid
CHANGE OF USE: The Development will consist of, The change of use of an existing attached garage structure to a habitable space. The works will include the removal of the existing front garage door and windows facing the road and the installation of 2 windows and 1no pedestrian entrance door to the front elevation in their place and all ancillary works 104 Iveragh Road, Whitehall, Dublin 9 D09 WK27
WEB2634/26received 1 Jul 2026decided 3 Jul 2026451 m away
43 Clare Road, Drumcondra, Dublin 9 Registered Application
Planning permission for the construction of a single story extension to the side and rear, widening of the front vehicular entrance, new walls, pillars and gates, new boundary treatments to the front side an drear, internal alterations and all associated site works.
5162/26received 25 Jun 2026297 m away
8 Rathlin Road, Dublin 9, D09RY80 Registered Application
The development will consist of the creation a new vehicular entrance, driveway, dished footpath, landscaping and all associated works at 8 Rathlin Road, Drumcondra, Dublin 9, D09RY80.
WEB2564/26received 24 Jun 2026783 m away
8, Rathlin Road, Dublin 9 Application declared invalid
The development will consist of the creation of a new vehicular entrance and driveway, dished footpath, landscaping and all associated works at 8 Rathlin Road, Drumcondra, Dublin 9, D09RY80.
WEB2525/26received 18 Jun 2026decided 19 Jun 2026783 m away
43 Clare Road, Drumcondra, Dublin 9 Application declared invalid
Planning permission for the construction of a single storey extension to the side and rear, widening of the front vehicular entrance new walls pillars and gates, new boundary treatments to the front, side and rear internal, alterations and all associated site works.
5153/26received 11 Jun 2026decided 23 Jun 2026297 m away
No. 12, Clare Road, Dublin 9 Grant permission
The proposed development will consist of the construction of a new single-storey flat-roof extension to the rear of the existing dwelling, to provide for a gym and an ancillary family accommodation comprising bedroom , living room , and bathroom; the conversion of the existing garage to provide a new utility area and pedestrian access; the setting back of the existing garage frontage to improve off-street car parking; the widening of the existing vehicular entrance to accommodate two off-street car parking spaces; the conversion of the existing attic space, including rooflights to the rear; and all associated site works.
WEB2385/26received 8 Jun 2026decided 29 Jul 2026455 m away
Balnagowan House, St. Mobhi Boithirin, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 (the western part of the site fronts The Haven) Additional information
PROTECTED STRUCTURE: Rectone Developments Ltd intend to apply for PERMISSION for a residential development comprising 30 no. units, on a site of c. 0.476 ha., on lands at Balnagowan House, St. Mobhi Boithirin, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 (the western part of the site fronts The Haven). Balnagowan House is a Protected Structure (RPS Ref. No. 8699). The development will consist of: the demolition of 3 no. existing single storey outbuilding structures (total of 171.5 sq. m) together with part removal of the front existing boundary walls; the change of use of Balnagowan House (Block 1) from office to residential use to provide 4 no. 2 bed residential units (c.354.67 sq.m GFA), together with associated internal and external alterations and refurbishment works to facilitate the conversion (including removal of internal walls/partitions); the construction of a 3 storey duplex & apartment block (Block 2) to provide 4 no. 1 & 3 bed residential units with associated balconies & terraces; & the construction of 22 no. 2 & 3 bedroom 3 storey townhouses with associated private open spaces & balconies, to provide 30 no. residential units (c. 2365.9 sq. m GFA). The overall proposed residential development (c. 3099.81 sq.m GFA) (including Balnagowan House), will comprise 2 no. one bedroom units, 6 no. two bedroom units, & 22 no. three bedroom units. Pedestrian, cyclist, vehicular and emergency access will be provided off The Haven/ St. Mobhi Boithirin via. existing upgraded entrances. The access arrangements include alterations to the existing accesses to front & to the west of Balnagowan House, St. Mobhi Boithirin. The development will also consist of open space provision including all private, communal and public open space, hard and soft landscaping including internal cycle and pedestrian routes, pathways, boundary treatments, as well as a playground of 50sqm within the communal open area, street furniture, car parking (14 no. part internal gnd. fl. garage spaces to the townhouses & 14 no. surface spaces – 2 no. accessible & 5 no. EV charging – with 9 no. of the spaces accessed directly from St. Mobhi Boithirin), bicycle parking (16 no. long & 4 short stay spaces, covered and secure bicycle parking), ESB substations, piped infrastructural services & connections, ducting, plant, waste management & bin store provision, SuDS & attenuation infrastructure, signage, public lighting and all site development incl. all excavation works & service connections. A Natura Impact Statement (NIS) has been prepared in respect of the proposed development.
WEB2324/26received 2 Jun 2026decided 24 Jul 202630 units960 m away
139 Iveragh Road, Whitehall, Dublin 9, D09 EW73 Additional information
Conversion of existing attic space comprising of modification of existing roof structure, raising of existing gable c/w window, new access stairs, 2no. roof windows to the front and flat roof dormer to the rear. New Vehicular Entrance.
WEB2311/26received 29 May 2026decided 21 Jul 2026513 m away
16 Inishmaan Road, Whitehall, Dublin 9, D09 NP38 Additional information
Conversion of existing attic space comprising of modification of existing roof structure, raising of existing gable c/w window, new access stairs, 2no. roof windows to the front and flat roof dormer to the rear.
WEB2310/26received 29 May 2026decided 22 Jul 2026387 m away

`description` is truncated at source (80 chars for DLR, 70 for Fingal) and `applicant` is null nationally — NPAD publishes neither in full.

Source: npad · fetched 13 Sept 2026, 20:39

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39	open

Appeals 53 in 5 years within 1.0 km

ACP 501511 on 3482/25 Withdrawn
received 8 Jun 2026decided 17 Aug 2026907 m away
ACP 501146 on 5029/26 Refused
received 13 Apr 2026decided 12 Aug 2026269 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501317 on WEB1391/26 Refused
received 11 May 2026decided 7 Aug 2026804 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501155 on WEB1153/26 Refused
received 14 Apr 2026decided 28 Jul 2026519 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501641 on WEB1270/26 Open
received 1 Jul 2026609 m away
ACP 324346 Pending
received 8 Jun 2026488 m away
ACP 500637 on WEB2542/25 Granted with conditions
received 15 Jan 2026decided 21 May 2026864 m awayinspector's report
ACP 501351 on WEB1600/26 Pending
received 18 May 2026532 m away
ACP 500377 on 3378/25 Refused
received 1 Dec 2025decided 6 Mar 2026269 m awayinspector's report
ACP 500068 on WEB2808/25 Granted
received 14 Oct 2025decided 5 Feb 2026687 m awayinspector's report

Source: acp · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 00:05

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05	open

Commencement notices 126 in 3 years within 1.0 km

89 R132, Dublin, Dublin 9 — Seven day notice
17 Sept 2026SN0014799DCWEBLRD6072/24-S3498 m away
89 R132, Dublin, Dublin 9 — Seven day notice
17 Sept 2026SN0014801DCWEBLRD6072/24-S3516 m away
89 R132, Dublin, Dublin 9 — Seven day notice
17 Sept 2026SN0014800DCWEBLRD6072/24-S3498 m away
89 R132, Dublin — Seven day notice
17 Sept 2026SN0014788DCWEBLRD6072/24-S3516 m away
166 Larkhill Road, Dublin 9, D09 TH98 — Short commencement notice
14 Sept 2026CN0147273DCWEB5321/25837 m away
25 Grace Park Heights, Dublin 9, D09 C6V2 — Short commencement notice
4 Aug 2026CN0145600DCWEB1360/26854 m away
388 Collins Avenue, Dublin, Dublin 9 — Opt out commencement notice
3 Aug 2026CN0145609DC2691/21814 m away
85 Walsh Road, Dublin 9, D09 C5R7 — Opt out commencement notice
29 Jul 2026CN0144959DCWEB1224/26984 m away
46 Ballymun Road, Dublin 9, Dublin City, Dublin 9 — Seven day notice
15 Jun 2026SN0014294DC2683/21980 m away
Collins Avenue Extension, Dublin — Seven day notice
11 Jun 2026SN0014308DCWEB1287/25761 m away

One notice can cover many buildings — count notices, never building rows, or a single multi-unit scheme reads as a trend (T11).

Source: bcms · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 23:34

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
bcms	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 23:34	open

Sales 1189 in 36 months within 1.0 km

€480,000

median price

€5,677/m²

median €/m²

1189

sales

173

rooftop-geocoded

753

with listing detail

new builds

€125,000 – €18,391,889, 13 Sept 2023 to 4 Sept 2026.

Address	Sold	Price	Asking	Type	Beds	m²	€/m²	BER	Dist.
24 IONA DRIVE, GLASNEVIN, DUBLIN 9	4 Sept 2026	€1,470,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	416 m
14 LORCAN GROVE, SANTRY, DUBLIN 9	4 Sept 2026	€474,000	€450,000	Semi-D	4	102	4,647	G	416 m
APT 227, GRACEPARK MANOR, DRUMCONDRA	4 Sept 2026	€425,000	€395,000	Apartment	2	—	—	B3	416 m
20 CHURCH VIEW, DRUMCONDRA, DUBLIN 9	2 Sept 2026	€530,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	416 m
51 YELLOW RD, WHITEHALL, DUBLIN 9	1 Sept 2026	€545,000	€520,000	Terrace	4	108	5,046	E1	416 m
110 SHANARD RD, SANTRY, DUBLIN 11	1 Sept 2026	€500,000	€490,000	Semi-D	4	106	4,717	E1	416 m
APT 213 BLOCK A HAMPTON LODGE, GRACE PARK ROAD DUBLIN 9	1 Sept 2026	€412,500	—	—	—	—	—	—	416 m
101 LYMEWOOD MEWS, NORTHWOOD, SANTRY DUBLIN 9	31 Aug 2026	€410,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	416 m
APT 18, GRACE PARK COURT, BEAUMONT RD DUBLIN 9	31 Aug 2026	€300,251	—	—	—	—	—	—	416 m
51 GLENSHESK RD, WHITEHALL, DUBLIN 9	28 Aug 2026	€450,000	€445,000	End of Terrace	4	93	4,839	D2	416 m

PPR addresses are geocoded, not surveyed — a sale's position is as good as its address match (`rooftop_n` says how many are address-accurate). Beds, floor area, BER and asking price come from the matched daft.ie advertisement, not from the Register, and only where a match was found (`enriched_n`).

Sources: cara_listings, ppr · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 20:14

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14	open
ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	13 Sept 2026, 20:32	open

Consultations 4 matched by place

Public Participation in the Identification of New Bathing Waters 12 days left
closes 25 Sept 2026Dublin City Councilcounty-wide
iMEND 1 - Portobello Community Engagement 19 days left
closes 2 Oct 2026Dublin City Councillocality-wide
Lansdowne Valley Park Active Travel Scheme 25 days left
closes 8 Oct 2026Dublin City Councilcounty-wide
Dublin District Heating Project Part 8 38 days left
closes 21 Oct 2026Dublin City Councillocality-wide

Source: consult · fetched 12 Sept 2026, 02:04

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04	open

Council items 10 in 24 months

Motion in the name of Councillor Deirdre Heney
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 202610bDublin City Council
Minutes of the meeting held on 15th June 2026
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20261.Dublin City Council
Replies from the Director of Services for the North Central Area
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20262.Dublin City Council
Environment and Transportation Matters
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20264.Dublin City Council
Minutes of the TAG Meeting held on 30th June 2026
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20264aDublin City Council
Gully Report for Noting Only
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20264bDublin City Council
Part 8 Application Spine Site Darndale
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20265.Dublin City Council
Planning and Property Matters
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20266.Dublin City Council
Naming and Numbering Proposal for a Large Scale Residential Development on a site at the junction of Santry Avenue and Swords Road, Santry, Dublin 9
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20266aDublin City Council
Culture, Recreation and Economic Matters
North Central Area Committee20 Jul 20267.Dublin City Council

Source: moderngov · fetched 13 Sept 2026, 21:50

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50	open

Capacity and public land

No publishable utility-capacity record within the radius. 39 records from Esb substation withheld: source licence forbids redistribution; see the operator's own register.

Public land (LDA register of relevant lands)

An Post — Dublin city and suburbs
0.34 hafolio DN80731L195 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Bord Gáis — Dublin city and suburbs
0.12 hafolio DN149053F277 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City University — Dublin city and suburbs
2.4 hafolio DN63283F319 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City University — Dublin city and suburbs
28.09 ha326 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
3.7 hafolio DN217385F509 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.27 hafolio DN228363F609 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023
Dublin City University — Dublin city and suburbs
15.66 hafolio DN63283F609 m awayas of 1 Jul 2023
Dublin City Council — Dublin city and suburbs
0.39 hafolio DN3226N625 m awayas of 1 Apr 2023

Sources: esbn, lda_lands · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 16:42

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable — shown as a flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42	open
lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43	open

Schools and public transport within 1.0 km

Schools

Clonturk College
postprimary968 pupilsMULTI DENOMINATIONAL245 m
Dominican College
postprimary799 pupilsCATHOLIC508 m
CORPUS CHRISTI N S
primary398 pupilsCatholic572 m
St. Aidan's C.B.S.
postprimary725 pupilsCATHOLIC634 m
Grace Park Educate Together National School
primary409 pupilsMulti Denominational749 m
SCOIL AN LEINBH IOSA BOYS SENIORS
primary297 pupilsCatholic782 m
Scoil Chaitriona
postprimary523 pupilsCATHOLIC837 m
Holy Child National School
primary495 pupilsCatholic921 m

Stops 55 · routes 1, 101, 104, 109D, 110D, 126, 126D, 14, 16, 16D, 180, 19, 220, 220A, 220T, 33, 33E, 33n, 41, 41B, 41C, 41D, 44, 70D, 740, 740A, 740X, 847, 900, 901, 901M, 910, 932, 980B, E1, E2, GD01, N2, N4

Clare Road
N2257 m
Seven Oaks
1, 16, 16D, 33, 41, 41B, 41C, 41D, 44265 m
Whitehall Village
1, 101, 16, 33, 33E, 33n, 41, 41B, 41C, 41D, 44277 m
Home Farm FC
932293 m
Clare Road
N2299 m
Drumcondra Rd
N2304 m
Plunket College
1, 16, 16D, 33, 41, 41B, 41C, 41D, 44347 m
Plunket College
1, 16, 33, 33E, 33n, 41, 41B, 41C, 41D, 44352 m

Sources: gtfs, schools · fetched 11 Sept 2026, 19:16

Source	Licence	Fetched	Link
gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16	open
schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41	open

Sources used in this report

Section	Source	Licence	Fetched
Location	places	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 21:28
Parcel	parcels	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:06
Zoning	zoning	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Constraints	constraints	mixed — CC-BY-4.0 except OPW flood (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0, publishable=false)	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.niah	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.radon	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Constraints	constraints.smr	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:11
Rzlt	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23
Planning	npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39
Appeals	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Commencements	bcms	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 23:34
Sales	cara_listings	Third-party advertisement data captured by Cara from daft.ie. Not open data: internal analysis only, no redistribution of listing content. Business-contact details (licensed PSP name and branch) are retained per Cara DECISIONS 2026-08-19; agent phone numbers and all vendor/buyer identities are dropped.	11 Sept 2026, 20:14
Sales	ppr	PSI — PSRA re-use terms (psr.ie/re-use-of-public-sector-information). Free re-use in any format provided the source and PSRA copyright are acknowledged, the data is reproduced accurately and not used misleadingly, and it is NOT used 'for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a particular product or service'. Attribution: 'Contains PSRA Residential Property Price Register data, © Property Services Regulatory Authority.'	13 Sept 2026, 20:32
Consultations	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Council items	moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50
Capacity	esbn	all-rights-reserved (esbnetworks.ie disclaimer: personal/non-commercial, no modification or republication without written ESB permission) — permission NOT sought · not redistributable, flag only	11 Sept 2026, 16:42
Public land	lda_lands	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:43
Projects	social_housing	CC-BY-SA-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 20:13
Amenities	gtfs	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 19:16
Amenities	schools	CC-BY-4.0	11 Sept 2026, 16:41
Deadlines	acp	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:05
Deadlines	consult	public	12 Sept 2026, 02:04
Deadlines	moderngov	public	13 Sept 2026, 21:50
Deadlines	npad	CC-BY-4.0	13 Sept 2026, 20:39
Deadlines	rzlt	CC-BY-4.0	12 Sept 2026, 00:23

Generated 13 Sept 2026, 23:16 from the Planning Register store. Nothing on this page was fetched live: every figure was already in the store with the fetch time shown. Deadlines are derived from published receipt and decision dates under the Planning and Development Act 2000; confirm with the planning authority before relying on them.

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